Connective tissue nutritional

Prior to the 3rd week, embryonic nutrition occurs by diffusion of maternal blood. At that point, development of the primitive blood and blood vessels begins in the extraembryonic mesoderm of the yolk sac. These cells differentiate into angioblasts that form cords and clusters, which in turn canalize. Cells in the peripheiy become flat and form the endothelium, whereas the inner cells give rise to the primitive blood cells. By fusion and continuous budding, the extraembryonic vessels that have contact with maternal circulation establish contact with vessels arising from the embryo proper. The mesenchymal cells surrounding the primitive endothelial cells differentiate to form the muscular and connective tissues of the vessel wall. The primitive heart... 

Submucosa Blood vessels Nerves and fat Connective tissue Provides nutrition... 

The myometrium contains compactly arranged smooth muscle fiber bundles separated by thin partitions of connective tissue as well as the blood vessels that provide nutrition to the organ. Contraction of the myometrium results in forces being applied to the uterus and is another example of force application to a surface lining tissue. 

During the past two decades, essentiality of zinc for man has been established. Deficiency of zinc in man due to nutritional factors and several dls-seased states, has been recognized. A marginal deficiency of zinc appears to be prevalent in many segments of population in developed countries and more severe deficiencies are widespread in many parts of the world. In our experimental human model, a marginal deficiency of zinc was induced by dietary means. Loss of body weight (less than 10% in six months on zinc restricted diet), testicular hypofunction, hyperammonemia and a decrease in plasma, urinary and neutrophil zinc concentration were observed. Changes in zinc dependent enzymes such as deoxythymldine kinase in newly synthesized connective tissue and plasma alkaline phosphatase were also observed as a result of zinc restriction and repletion in our model. 

Biopsies of gastrocnemius muscles in cases of poliomyelitis revealed that mucopolysaccharides were present in increased amount in the thickened connective tissue between atrophied muscle fibers (B12). Even though the vascular system of atrophic muscles was relatively unaffected, these sclerotic changes probably impair the nutrition of muscle fibers. 

The muscle fiber is covered by a thin membrane called sarcolemma and a layer of connective tissue called endomysium. Bundles of muscle fibers are surrounded by perimysium, and whole muscle is surrounded by epimysium. At the ends of the muscle epimysium forms tendons, which connect the muscle to the bone (Figure 2.2). Both the quantity and kind of connective tissue affect the technological and nutritional properties of meat. 

Al. Abt, A. F., Schuching, S. von, and Roe, J. H., Connective tissue studies. III. Ascorbic acid, collagen and hexosamine distribution and histology of connective tissue in scars produced in guinea pigs on various vitamin C dietary levels following wounding by abdominal incision. J. Nutrition 70, 427-437 (1960). 

In the most primitive situation, such as that found in the sinusoidal beds of the liver, adrenal cortex, and pituitary, a reticular fiber and a reticular cell are interposed between the parenchymal cell and the blood. In most areas, however, the loose connective tissue is the material through which diffusion between the vascular and parenchymal compartments must take place. Thus ions, nutritive substances, oxygen, water, and the like must pass through this layer of tissue to the cells and in reverse the metabolites, secretions of the parenchymal cells, are delivered through this material into the blood. It is precisely in this compartment, this interstitial layer, that inflammation takes place. 

Nielsen EH (2002) Silicon nutrition affects urinary and plasma indicators of bone and connective tissue metabolism. Mengen- und Spurenelemente 21 1231-1237. 

Dietary preferences, religious beliefs, and nutritional awareness impact patient decisions and compliance. Many patients opt not to consume dosage forms containing gelatin, which is a mixture of peptides and proteins derived from collagen-containing animal tissues, such as skin, white connective tissues, and bones. HPMC is derived from renewable cellulose resources, such as sustainable timber forests and is a viable alternative to gelatin in the manufacture of hard-shell capsules. 

Fat has an important influence on the nutritional quality of the product, as well as on the eating quality, assessed in terms of texture, flavor, and taste. It was also claimed that a high degree of fat in the connective tissue, between the myo-mers, can interfere with the perceived color [18]. In case of smoked salmon, neither the fat content, which varied from... 

Silicon, SL- an essential trace element in human nutrition [E. M. Carlisle Science 178 (1972) 619-612 E.M. Carlisle Fed. Proc. Fed. Amer. Soc.Exp. Biol. 32 (1973) 930]. Si is a cross-linking agent in connective tissue. It is thought that Si is bound via oxygen to the C-skeleton of mucopolysaccharides, thus linking parts of the same polysaccharide, or linking acidic mucopolysaccharides to proteins. Si may also serve a matrix or catalytic role in bone mineralization. High levels of Si (as SiOj) are present in plants and diatoms (see Mineral elements). 

Jensen (1989) attributed the popularity of MSM for use in meat products mainly to its low cost. He pointed out that the separation method used to produce MSM was such that the resultant material had far fewer intact meat fibres than hand-boned meat. This led to poor cohesiveness and little fibre alignment. With MSM finding use in recipes where it is in direct competition with cheaper cuts of meat, which tend to be high in fat and connective tissue, it should be seen as a cheap ingredient that is comparatively low in fat and of high nutritional value. 

The protein-N content of fish muscle tissue is between 2-3%. The amino acid composition, when compared to that of beef or milk casein (Table 13.6), reveals the high nutritional value of fish proteins. The sarcoplasma protein accounts for 20-30% of the muscle tissue total protein. The contractile apparatus accounts for 65-75% protein the connective tissue of teleosts is 3% and of elasmobranchs, such as sharks and rays (skate or rocker), is up to 10%. The individual protein groups and their functions in muscle tissue of mammals (cf. 12.3.2) also apply to fish. 

Muscle proteins in typical mammalian muscle tissue constitute around 20% of the muscle weight The major proportion of muscle is made up of muscle fibre proteins (elongated, threadlike cells) called myofibrillar proteins. Smaller amounts of soluble sarcoplasmatic proteins and insoluble structural proteins from connective tissue are also present (Table 2.16). Myofibrillar and sarcoplasmatic proteins are almost complete (whole) proteins, while the nutritional value of structural proteins is very low as they are almost indigestible. Table 2.17 gives the amino acid composition of some pure animal proteins Table 2.9 presents the amino acid compositions for the main types of meat proteins. 

In these studies the proline-P5C interconversions as central to redox exchange have been emphasized. But hydroxyproline and 3-OH-P5C, the degradative product of hydroxyproline, also may produce regulatory effects, at least theoretically. Since 3-OH-P5C derives only from the degradation of hydroxyproline (1-3), direct effects mediated by their interconversions seem unlikely. However, 3-OH-P5C can interact with the proline - ornithine - glutamate system at several steps (35, 102). Such an interaction is of considerable interest since the intake of hydroxyproline, an animal product, can be nutritionally controlled. Even the endogenous release of hydroxyproline from the breakdown of connective tissue and bone collagen may depend, at least in part, on nutritional factors such as calcium and vitamin D. 

The Placenta.—The placenta is the nutritive tissue connecting the ovules with the wall of the ovary. The various types of placenta arrangement (placentation) are gouped according to their relative complexity as follows (i) Basilar, (2) Sutural, (3) Parietal, (4) Central, (5) Free Central. 

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