Metabolism connective tissue

Aydelotte, M. B., Greenhill, R. R. and Kuettner, K. E. (1988) Differences between sub-populations of cultured bovine articular chondrocytes. II. Proteoglycan metabolism. Connect. Tissue. Res. 18, 223-34. 

Pujol, J.-R, Chadjichristos, C., Legendre, F. et al. 2008. Interleukin-1 and transforming growth factor-ss 1 as crucial factors in osteoarthritic cartilage metabolism. Connective Tissue Research, 49,293-297. 

Copper is essential in animal metabolism. In some animals, such as the octopus and certain arthropods, it transports oxygen through the blood, a role performed by iron in mammals. As a result, the blood of these animals is green rather than red. In mammals, copper-bearing enzymes are necessary for healthy nerves and connective tissue. 

The citric acid cycle is the final common pathway for the aerobic oxidation of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein because glucose, fatty acids, and most amino acids are metabolized to acetyl-CoA or intermediates of the cycle. It also has a central role in gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, and interconversion of amino acids. Many of these processes occur in most tissues, but the hver is the only tissue in which all occur to a significant extent. The repercussions are therefore profound when, for example, large numbers of hepatic cells are damaged as in acute hepatitis or replaced by connective tissue (as in cirrhosis). Very few, if any, genetic abnormalities of citric acid cycle enzymes have been reported such ab-normahties would be incompatible with life or normal development. 

Metabolic defects Connective tissue disorders Environmental factors Diet... 

Quite by accident Jennifer discovered that her tendon and connective tissue problems and chronic fatigue were exasperated by molds and chemical exposures. Her understanding is that her various health problems are related to but not completely caused by MCS. One doctor s theory is that her MCS and connective tissue problems may be caused by a metabolic dysfunction. Another doctor, after looking at her extensive medical history, told her she will never find an answer. Jennifer summarizes her ten years of medical tests and examinations by saying that her body doesn t absorb nutrients and her immune system has collapsed. 

I ve been told that my environmental illness and connective tissue problems may be partly caused by a metabolic problem. I m not getting nutrients to where I need them in my body. This year it s starting to affect the collagen of my skin. 

The phosphate esters and, to lesser extent, the sulphate esters of monosaccharides are very important naturally occurring derivatives. Metabolism of carbohydrates involves the formation and interconversion of a succession of monosaccharides and their phosphate esters of which glucose-1-phosphate and fruc-tose-6-phosphate are important examples. The sulphate esters of monosaccharides or their derivatives (usually esterified at carbon 6) are found in several polysaccharides, notably chondroitin sulphate, which is a constituent of connective tissues. 

Connective tissue is composed of apparently very different cells metabolically it is dynamic undergoing continual turnover and so to maintain health means that a balance must be achieved between biosynthesis and degradation. Cells in connective tissue are usually found embedded within a matrix composed of proteins with variable amounts of proteoglycan and genetically determined enzymatic defects in the production of the matrix may result in often serious pathologies. Metabolism in... 

Gout. An inherited metabolic disorder occurring especially in men, characterized by a raised but variable blood uric acid level, recurrent acute arthritis of sudden onset, deposition of crystalline sodium urate in connective tissues and articular cartilage, and progressive chronic arthritis. 

Histamine metabolism differs from that of classical neurotransmitters because histamine is so widely distributed in the body. The highest concentrations in human tissues are found in the lung, stomach, and skin (upto 33 ug/g tissue). Histamine metabolic pathways are simple histamine is produced from histidine in just one step (see figure 4.11). The principal production takes place in the mast cells of the peritoneal cavity and connective tissues. The gastric mucosa is another major storage tissue. Histamine can be found in the brain as well. 

Gelatin is derived from the fibrous protein collagen, which is the principal constituent of animal skin, bone, and connective tissue. Fish skin waste could be used as a potential source to isolate collagen and gelatin. Zhu et al. (2010) evaluated the effect of collagen peptides on markers of metabolic nuclear receptors. 

Submucosa. The submucosa is a relatively dense connective tissue with a few accessory salivary glands (mucus acinus).102 The saliva is secreted primarily by parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands at a rate of 0.5 to 2 L/day.94 Apart from water, saliva is composed of electrolytes, mucin (forms mucus with water), amylase, lysozyme (a bacteriostatic enzyme), IgA antibodies, and metabolic wastes such as urea and uric acid.18 The pH of saliva varies between 6.8 and 7.2.96... 

Liver cirrhosis is among the top 10 causes of death in the Western world. The disease occurs after chronic damage to hepatic cells, mainly hepatocytes, which can be caused by viral hepatitis, chronic alcohol abuse or toxic injury, biliary disease, and metabolic liver disorders [64], Liver cirrhosis is characterized by an abnormal deposition of connective tissue in the liver, which hampers the normal functions of the liver. Other features of the disease are general tissue damage, chronic inflammation, and the conversion of normal liver architecture into structurally abnormal nodules. Secondary to these anatomical changes are disturbances in the liver function and in the hemodynamics leading to portal hypertension and intrahepatic shunting [39, 64, 103],... 

As with carbamazepine, phenytoin also causes idiosyncratic toxic effects, including hematological and connective tissue toxicities, hepatotoxicity, and teratogenicity (89). Although some of these toxicities have been hypothesized to be caused by P450 oxidative metabolism (92,93) or peroxidase-mediated reactions (94,95), mechanisms for these toxic effects in humans are unknown. 

Haellgren, R., Engstroem-Laurent, A., and Nisbeth, U., Circulating hyaluronate. A potential marker of altered metabolism of the connective tissue in uremia, Nephron, 46, 150, 1987. 

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