Conclusions from the Discussion

Comparing Traylor s ideas with those of Winstein and Olah, on the one hand, and with those of Brown, on the other, we are led to the following conclusions. 

According to Traylor and Winstein thea-bond participating in the transition state 

Both Winstein s ion 5 and Traylor s ion 71 can for stereoelectronic reasons be attacked on C only from the exo side. In ion 71 this is due to the microscopic reversibility the addition of a nucleophile anti to hyperconjugated o-bond is by far more favoiuable than the syn-addition in conformity with the principle of trans-addition to multiple bonds. Both ions 5 and 71 are nonclassical since the positive charge is 

Traylor s ion 71 does not correspond to the evidence of the complete equivalence of the C and atoms in the intermediate under solvolysis conditions. To explain the equivalent of the C and positions in Traylor s ion it is necessary to assume a very rapid equilibrium of ions (Traylor himself writes nothing about it)  

This equilibrium is in a way similar to that of classical ions suggested by Brown  

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Fig. 1.3 shows the normal distributions of the errors of the cc-pV(X -1,X)Z extrapolations (note that the scale is different from Fig. 1.2). In comparison with the cc-pV6Z results, which are included in Fig. 13 as a broad distribution on its scale, the agreement between the R12 energies and the extrapolated energies is excellent, confirming our earlier conclusions from the discussion of the He atom.

One of the leader s most important tasks is to draw general conclusions from the discussion notes. These conclusions will be included in the draft report as part of the Executive Summary. The following are examples of such conclusions. 

Chapters 11 and 12 seek to draw some practical and policy conclusions from the discussion. Chapter 11 argues that OHS specialists within large organisations—safety officers and managers and worker OHS representatives—are especially well placed to draw management attention to OHS. It describes how they can make use of the findings of this study to influence their senior managers. 

Perhaps the overriding conclusion which emerges from the discussions of fragment distributions in dynamic fragmentation is the difficulty of relating... 

Before beginning a detailed discussion of alkene reactions, let s review briefly some conclusions from the previous chapter. We said in Section 5.5 that alkenes behave as nucleophiles (Lewis bases) in polar reactions. The carbon-carbon double bond is electron-rich and can donate a pair of electrons to an electrophile (Lewis acid), for example, reaction of 2-methylpropene with HBr yields 2-bromo-2-methylpropane. A careful study of this and similar reactions by Christopher Ingold and others in the 1930s led to the generally accepted mechanism shown in Figure 6.7 for electrophilic addition reactions. 

The analytical method to be discussed in this chapter consists in exciting a characteristic line (the analytical lined for each element sought in a sample in identifying each such element by measuring the wavelength of the analytical line and in drawing conclusions, from the measured intensity of the analytical line, about the amount of each such element present. This method is likely to become more important in analytical chemistry than all the other x-ray methods combined. It is presented after the absorptiometric methods and after the determination of film thickness because it is more easily understood on the basis of the earlier material. 

The importance of twinned crystals in demonstrating that nucleation is the relevant growth mechanism has been realized since 1949 [64, 99]6. They were first investigated extensively in polymer crystals by Blundell and Keller [82] and they have recently received increased attention as a means of establishing, or otherwise, the nucleation postulate for lamellar growth [90, 91, 95,100-102]. The diversity of opinion in the literature shows that it is very difficult to draw definite conclusions from the experimental evidence, and the calculations are often founded upon implicit assumptions which may or may not be justified. We therefore restrict our discussion to an introduction to the problem, the complicating features which make any a priori assumptions difficult, and the remaining information which may be fairly confidently deduced. 

The workshop concluded with a panel discussion, along with questions and answers from the audience related to future deployment of pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics in drug development and regulatory decision-making. The broad conclusions from the workshop are as follows ... 

Not enough information exists regarding CYP1A2 or any of the CYP2A isoforms to make any sound conclusions regarding their localization or function in the human brain. Therefore, although included in O Table 3-3, they are omitted from the discussion below. 

These results give some insight in the scope and limitations of the MTD, MTD and STERIMOL parameters. Let us first compare the MTD and MTD methods. In the example of the benzyl chrysanthemates the regression equations have only steric terms, sothat there is no difference between the two methods in principle. In the case of the benzoylphenyl ureas the intercorrelation between the MTD values and the other parameters is very low, so it is understandable that there is hardly any difference. But in the four other studies there was much more intercorrelation between the MTD values on the one hand and the electronic and/or hydrophobic parameters on the other hand, and in these cases the MTD method gives slightly better results. Our preliminary conclusion from the examples discussed, is that the MTD is the preferable one, both from fundamental and... 

Bulleted or numerical lists Discussion items and conclusions may be presented in paragraph or list form. In Discussion section lists, complete sentences are more common than fragments. (See the guidelines presented in the poster Methods section for formatting these lists.) Conclusions are usually set apart from the Discussion section with a separate heading. 

The use of these resistance tensors is developed in detail by Happel and Brenner (H3). While enabling compact formulation of fundamental problems, these tensors have limited application since their components are rarely available even for simple shapes. Here we discuss specific classes of particle shape without recourse to tensor notation, but some conclusions from the general treatment are of interest. Because the translation tensor is symmetric, it follows that every particle possesses at least three mutually perpendicular axes such that, if the particle is translating without rotation parallel to one of these axes, the total... 

If a change in design is made at an interim stage then lack of consistency between the results before the change and after the change could compromise the ability to draw general conclusions from the trial. It is the sponsor s responsibility to confirm this consistency. Example 14.3 discusses this issue in the context of a particular trial. 

In conclusion, as follows from the discussion above, the chemistry of ILs as buffer systems in CE is rich and promising. Many questions remain still unanswered and the area of further research is extensive. IL applications have demonstrated its usefulness for separating difficult analytes like positional isomers and for charging neutral hydrophobic analytes in NACE. 

The most important conclusions arising from the discussion thus far (and expounded in chapter 3) appear to be, first, that good quality data are vital—many problems in assessing toxic risk have sprung from poor quality data. Secondly, our knowledge should be made more certain. This requires the synergism of several scientific disciplines to find ways to monitor effects in humans at the early stage before these effects become irreversible. 

Both the theoretical and experimental data for the classic 2S i/2 — 2Pi/2 Lamb shift are collected in Table 12.2. Theoretical results for the energy shifts in this Table contain errors in the parenthesis where the first error is determined by the yet uncalculated contributions to the Lamb shift, discussed above, and the second reflects the experimental uncertainty in the measurement of the proton rms charge radius. We see that the uncertainty of the proton rms radius is the largest source of error in the theoretical prediction of the classical Lamb shift. An immediate conclusion from the data in Table 12.2 is that the value of the proton radius [27] recently derived form the analysis of the world data on the electron-proton scattering seems compatible with the experimental data on the Lamb shift, while the values of the rms proton radius popular earlier [28, 29] are clearly too small to accommodate the experimental data on the Lamb shift. Unfortunately, these experimental results are rather widely scattered and have rather large experimental errors. Their internal consistency leaves much to be desired. 

The statement that the mass, or weight flow of vapor through the trays, increases as the refluxed rate is raised is based on the reboiler being on automatic temperature control. If the reboiler were on manual control, then the flow of steam and the reboiler heat duty would remain constant as the reflux rate was increased, and the weight flow of vapor up the tower would remain constant as the top reflux rate was increased. But the liquid level in the reflux drum would begin to drop. The reflux drum level recorder controller (LRC) would close off to catch to falling level, and the overhead product rate would drop, in proportion to the increase in reflux rate. We can now draw some conclusions from the foregoing discussion ... 

Sillen (46) suggested that reactions of this type buffer the pH of sea water. From the discussion above they probably also tend to buffer the pH of the interstitial solutions in sediments. This conclusion is also implicit in the discussion by Sillen (46). 

From the discussion above, the following conclusions can be drawn. Apart from some selected examples, the issue ofchemoselectivity and catalytic activity in iron-catalyzed allylic hydroxylation has not so far been solved. In particular, synthetically useful methods with a broad scope concerning alkene substrates are still lacking. Furthermore, in many cases it seems to be difficult to avoid overoxidation of the allylic alcohol to the corresponding enone. In addition, most published procedures utilize the alkene in a large excess (often as a solvent), thus limiting the use of functionalized alkenes which are not commercially available. 

These results then lead to the conclusion that Kn does not measure at all the neutralization of the anionic site by H+, but represents the inactivation of Gi by H+. From the discussion in VI, 2, it appears that Gi itself cannot represent the anionic site, since inactivation of Gi is due to conversion of a free imidazol group into the imidazolinium ion. The only logical way out of this situation is represented by the assumption that the curves in Fig. 8 actually measure neutralization of the anionic site by the imidazolinium ion. This interaction is preferred to neutralization by a positive ion in the medium, because of the spatial proximity of the anionic site and the imidazolinium group. If we accept this representation, it appears also plausible to assume that the inactive form EH of the enzyme does not attach at all quaternary ammonium compounds (see above). 

The conclusion from this discussion is that there is... 

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