Computerized numerically controlled

CHC CHCC CNC coc CP AC CPR CPU CVD CW Catalytic hydrogen combustion Catalytic hydrocarbon combustion Computerized Numeric Control Cyclo olefin copolymer Center for Process Analytical Chemistry Catalytic plate reactor Central processing unit Chemical vapor deposition Continous wave... 

ISO 10303-238 standard (2004) Product data representation and exchange, part 238 application protocol application interpreted model for computerized numerical controllers... 

ISO 14649-1 standard (2003) Data model Iot computerized numerical controllers, part 1 overview and fundamental principles... 

Control is the theory that deals with the dynamic behavior of systems with inputs and outputs. In production engineering, control theory has been heavily applied in machines - especially in computerized numerical control (CNC) machine tools. In the basic principle, the external input to the system is called the reference. In production, it is usually selected as the desired position to be followed. The objective of control is to manipulate one or more variables of the system over a certain time such that the desired states, e.g., the outputs of the system, can follow the external reference input (trajectory). In CNC machine tools, the internal variable is the motor torque/force that can be manipulated so that the actual position can follow the external reference. 

Ideal fixture software readily accepts the product data, analyzes the data, recommends an optimal fixture design including aU fabrication details, and outputs computerized numerical control (CNC) files for fixture fabrication, material requirements, special procedures required, and a test program in the proper format for the selected test system(s). 

Initially, taper cone-shaped devices were made from aluminum by computerized numerically controlled (CNC) turning as manufacturing technique using a lathe [47]. 

The use of computers in blow mold design is generally accepted. In the area of product design and for CNC (Computerized Numerical Control) programming, three-dimensional (3D-CAD/CAM) systems are preferred. 

Another approach involves the analysis of equations corresponding to the discrete steps of combustion. The ignition parameters are calculated from the coupling condition of the steps by computerized numerical, or approximate analytical methods. In Ref. where the heterogeneous ignition of a condensed system was analyzed, a sharp transition from activation to diffusion control was assumed as ignition criterion ... 

Dunn, M. S., and Mann W. S. (1978), Computerized Production Process Planning, in Proceedings cf 15th Numerical Control Society Annual Meeting and Technical Conference (Chicago, April). 

Computerized meiintenance management systems Management information systems Computer-automated facilities management systems Computer-tiided design Computer-assisted manufacturing Computer numerical control (CNC)... 

Systematic consideration of human error is neglected because of the belief that computerization of processes will make the human unnecessary. Experience shows numerous accidents in computer controlled plants. Human involvement in critical areas of maintenance and plant modification, continues even in the most automated processes. 

Most studies in children and adolescents have been conducted with neuroleptics. A computerized literature search for the period 1974 to 1999 identified only five double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials that investigated the use of atypical antipsychotic medications in children and adolescents ( 166, 167). These studies involved a total of 105 patients. Numerous open-label and case series were also found. 

Central lo sonic pest inanagemeiil systems is a computerized simulator which, based upon the analysis of hundreds of past observations and experiments, can accept current weather information, fur example, and read out the effects ol the weather parameters. It thus provides directions for whatever pest control actions should or should not be taken at any given lime. In essence, the simulator hikes the place of numerous observers in the field and enables an inlormation center to pass along directives- in real time. A nunther ol factors in addition to weather information, of course, can he input into the sy stem. Needless to say. if such a network were established, all manner of other information pertaining to the crop ecosystem could he handled m addition to pest management data. 

Narrowly focused, the tenets of 21 CFR 11 are indisputable that firms must establish and maintain the integrity of their electronic information. What has been lost is the clear indication of which electronic information the requirements apply to. In my opinion, data generated outside a computerized system, that are manipulated by that system and are ultimately available in hard copy should not be subject to this ruling. Validation of the computerized system should be more than sufficient to establish that the final documentation accurately reflects the input information. In that instance, the computerized system is little more than a tool whose functionality can be readily established, yet firms are endeavoring to assure 21 CFR 11 compliance for numerous systems in which the computer is little more than an adjunct to the cGMP activity and corresponding hard copy. Batch record preparation, SOP and test method archives, and many process equipment control systems are examples of systems in which requirements for 21 CFR 11 compliance appear excessive. A system that processes or communicates data or records and subsequently retains and stores hard copies should not be subject to the 21 CFR 11 requirements. Far too many systems are being unnecessarily held to the very restrictive portions of 21 CFR 11. Electronic record retention as defined in 21 CFR 11 has its place, but not necessarily in every computerized system used within the industry. 

Validation was initially introduced in the 1970s to the pharmaceutical industry as a means for more firmly establishing the sterility of drug products where normal analytical methods are wholly inadequate for that purpose. In following years, its application was extended to numerous other aspects of pharmaceutical operations water systems, environmental control, tablet,and capsule formulations, analytical methods, and computerized systems. Individuals working with bulk pharmaceutical chemicals (BPCs) were particularly reluctant to embrace validation as a necessary practice in their operations. Industry apologists explained this lack of enthusiasm... 

Precolumn derivatization offers numerous advantages (Tables 2 and 3, Figures 3-6). It requires less equipment and allows the evaluation of the derivatives in an easier way from the point of view of their selectivity, sensitivity, various means of detection, derivatization yield, stability, and storability. All of these phenomena can be controlled and improved by means of modern instrumental techniques and computerization, both individually and simultaneously. Potential disadvantages in precolumn derivatization procedures can be completely avoided, such as contamination from the reagents (due to their insufficient purity) and loss of analyte from incomplete interactions, undesirable side reactions, and sample handling losses. 

A highly mechanized production operation facilitates the precise computerization of plants. The main feature of the innovations in textile testing is full digitalization, bringing about numerous advantages such as efficient computer control. 

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