1977 Additional Protocols application

The addition of acetic acid (0.5 equiv. to the substrate) to the catalyst system led to increased activity (doubling of yield) by maintaining the selectivity with 1.2 equiv. H2O2 as terminal oxidant. Advantageously, the system is characterized by a certain tolerance towards functional groups such as amides, esters, ethers, and carbonates. An improvement in conversions and selectivities by a slow addition protocol was shown recently [102]. For the first time, a nonheme iron catalyst system is able to oxidize tertiary C-H bonds in a synthetic applicable and selective manner and therefore should allow for synthetic applications [103]. 

More precisely, the model Additional Protocol is not for non-nuclear-weapon states party to the NPT only it is also opened for nuclear-weapon states as well as non-NPT states. See IAEA Model Protocol Additional to the Agreement(s) between State(s) and the International Atomic Energy Agency for the Application of Safeguards, IAEA Doc. INFCIRC/540, September 1997, foreword. 

Another protocol represents the first example of a C-glycoside synthesis based on a [l,4]- Mttig rearrangement (eq 37). Moreover, interception of the intermediate lithium enolate with an external electrophile is achieved. In addition, the application of this synthetic strategy for the synthesis of zaragozic acid A is demonstrated. ... 

Additional Protocol II—although applicable with a threshold of control for armed groups—attempts to supplement these provisions and elaborates in Article 14 that the starvation of civilians as a method of combat is prohibited. The civilian objects indispensible to the survival of the population must be respected, regardless of who in fact controls a part of the territory. Subsequently, concerning the provision of relief through external sources. Article 18 APII provides that ... 

The couplings of reactive iodides (with electron-withdrawing groups) were exothermic. However, the reaction temperature can be modulated by the slow addition of iodides last. These protocols are suitable for larger scale applications as well. 

A microwave-assisted Cu-catalyzed Sonogashira-type protocol on aryl iodide substrates without the involvement of a palladium catalyst has also been published (Scheme 54) [71]. Reactions were executed using Cut and CS2CO3 in NMP at 195 °C. The application seems to be fairly limited since there are indications that only (hetero)arylacetylenes are suitable coupHng partners for this protocol. In addition, aryl bromides react more sluggishly than aryl iodides. Moreover, even on aryl iodides the reaction times required are on the order of hours. 

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