Compressed pipeline systems

Compressed air system explosions in engines, pipelines, separators, etc., are characteristic of this same type of mist explosion. 

Once the C02 is captured and compressed, it needs to be transported to the sequestration or utilization locations, unless the capture and sequestration processes are located at the same site. A C02 transportation infrastructure could be done with a rather conventional approach. On land, pipelines for long-distance C02 transport already exist. For example, a pipeline system more than 500 mi. long connects C02 fields in Southern Colorado to oil fields in West Texas. The C02 is purchased at about 15/ton for tertiary oil recovery. The cost of C02 transportation is a function of distance, whereas the costs of pipeline construction vary significantly by region (Doctor et al., 1997). The construction and operation of pipelines for ocean would be quite different from land-based pipelines. Generally, C02 is transported at supercritical pressures (-2000 psi). If C02 is sequestered at geological formations, the transferred C02 may require additional compression at the injection site depending on the specifics of the reservoir (Doctor et al., 1997). 

There are two product lines leaving each GC -the oil transit line which supplies the Trans Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) Pump Station II, and the gas transit line which sends gas to the Central Compression Plant for reinjection to the reservoir gas cap. 

Since large volumes are needed to economically justify North Sea systems, pipe diameters will be large, probably 30"-36", or bigger if the pipe can be physically laid. Vail thickness will be the heaviest that can be laid, which for 36" pipe may currently be 1" wall thickness. Compressor station spacing and compression ratio will be different from onshore systems due to the high coat of providing a separate pipeline compressor platform, and because the pipeline systems will In most cases have to pick up gas from various fieldsalong the route located at fixed points, and these points will tend to dictate the location of pipeline compressor stations. 

Despite their simplicity, pipelines are highly capital intensive. Not only is pipe laying costly, the cost is split roughly evenly between materials and labour, but provision of compression stations - necessary for mass transport over long distances - can contribute 40% of finally installed capital. Once established, the operations of a pipeline system can cost 5% of the fixed capital per annum. 

Pipelines for the transportation of various hydrocarbon products using pipeline systems, compression facilities, pumping systems, valve stations, storage and distribution facilities. 

The examined system is an air compressor that serves as a source of a compressed air. It is a set of equipments that are necessary for the factory work. The analyzed dynamic system is composed of three elementary parts. The first one is a production part compressors, the second one is a transmission part the piping system of the compressed air distribution and the third one are appliances of the compressed air. The controlled variable is a pressure within the piping system (p). The appliances have got only external effects on the changes of the process variables (p) and hence the system is composed of two parts (compressors and piping systems). From the following assumptions for the correct function of the pipeline system and the components we assume ... 

Only a very thin film of oil is needed to produce an explosion in the pipework of compressed-air systems, even if the oil is not dispersed into the air prior to ignition. Many industrial fires and explosions have occurred in systems utilizing oil-lubricated air compressors. Therefore, adding air to an empty hydrocarbon line, or to purge a hydrocarbon line, is potentially hazardous because trace amounts of flammable materials may be clinging to the pipe walls. On one occasion, an explosion occurred in a cmde-oil pipeline to which air had been added, even though the line had been first emptied by displacement with water between two scraper plugs. 

Compressors are used whenever it is necessary to flow gas from a lower pressure to a higher pressure system. Flash gas from low-pressure vessels used for multistage stabilization of liquids, oil treating, water treating, etc., often exists at too low a pressure to flow into the gas sales pipeline. Sometimes this gas is used as fuel and the remainder flared or vented. Often it is more economical or it is necessary for environmental reasons to compress the gas for sales. In a gas field, a compressor used in this service is normally called a flash gas compressor. Flash gas compressors are normally characterized by low throughput rate and high differential pressure. 

Standards provide a base for a uniform system of accepted performance such as those found in engineering practice standards, material standards, and test standards. Hydrogen standards are typically written under a consensus process by technical committees (TC) representing a cross section of interested parties and issued in the United States, for example, by organizations such as the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) for pressure vessels, pipelines, and piping the Compressed Gas Association (CGA) for pressure vessel operation and maintenance and the Underwriters Laboratories (UL) for product certification. 

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