Complementary imaging techniques

Near-infrared reflectance imaging is a popular technique for spatially monitoring chemical species in agricultural materials.102-115 The technique has been used to investigate maize kernels,116 sugar content in the flesh of melons117 and soluble solids in kiwifruit.118 

The spatial arrangement of chemical, physical and morphological structure in agrifood materials play an important role in product functionality. Infrared imaging 

A wide range of applications for agricultural purposes have been developed, including satellite and aircraft remote-sensing, macroscopic imaging for food quality 

---

DESI—MSI is a potentially complementary imaging technique to MALDI— MSI due to the lack of pretreatment set required and similar analysis times. However, difficulties observed to date in detection of metabolites within tissue could prove to be hindrance to wide acceptance as a tool for pharmacological studies. 

The use of complementary, multimodal imaging techniques to analyze probes both in vivo and in vitro may be helpful in speeding up this process this should ensure that laboratory-based experiments mimic and are able to predict more closely the expected behavior of the probe in vivo. 

Clinical findings require sophisticated investigations to confirm echinococcosis. Usually primary identification and characterization of echinococcal lesions occur by imaging techniques. However, the diagnostic potential of such techniques is sometimes limited by the atypical appearance of the visualized lesions that may also be insufficient in providing information about the involved species or about the viability of the parasite. Immunodiagnosis is a useful complementary diagnostic tool for the... 

For a particular biomedical application of CRS microscopy, the best choice whether to use CARS or SRS detection depends on the optimal balance between the pros and cons of each technique regarding its detection sensitivity, image acquisition time, and interpretability of image contrast and spectrum. In the following, we provide a critical discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of both complementary detection techniques ... 

Infrared and Raman spectroscopy provide complementary images of molecular vibrations, because in these spectroscopic techniques the mechanisms of the interaction of light quanta with molecules are quite different. 

Infrared spectroscopy is now nearly 100 years old, Raman spectroscopy more than 60. These methods provide us with complementary images of molecular vibrations Vibrations which modulate the molecular dipole moment are visible in the infrared spectrum, while those which modulate the polarizability appear in the Raman spectrum. Other vibrations may be forbidden, silent , in both spectra. It is therefore appropriate to evaluate infrared and Raman spectra jointly. Ideally, both techniques should be available in a well-equipped analytical laboratory. However, infrared and Raman spectroscopy have developed separately. Infrared spectroscopy became the work-horse of vibrational spectroscopy in industrial analytical laboratories as well as in research institutes, whereas Raman spectroscopy up until recently was essentially restricted to academic purposes. 

If necessary, other complementary tests should be carried out (chestX-ray, exercise stress test, echocardiography and other imaging techniques). When... 

Complementary with other imaging techniques, such as electron microscopy and other scanning probe microscopies (SPMs), SECM routinely offers /xm resolution of the surface structures in bulk electrolyte solutions. SECM also... 

Scanning probe microscopy will increasingly become another class of imaging technique able to provide equivalent and even complementary structural information to cryo-electron... 

To date, the comprehensive measurement of all species in a single live cell over time remains a vision. Nevertheless, conceptual and technical developments in the last decade have enabled progress in two complementary directions. On the one hand, parallel analyses of thousands of species are possible thanks to mass spectrometry and microarrays. Yet, these technologies have the drawbacks that cells have to be disrupted to extract the analytes, and single-cell analyses are still limited by insufficient sensitivity or unspecific interactions, respectively. On the other hand, real-time imaging techniques deliver precise measurements at a single molecule level over time and with high spatial resolution, but are limited to the observations of only a few species at the time (mostly proteins). In both cases, we expect the bottlenecks to be (partially) relieved in the future. 

The use of complementary experimental techniques as a numerical and visual basis in the formulation of more realistic and applicable pore structure characterisation models has become widespread. Examples of the use of these techniques include mercury porosimetry [9] in the study of entrapment hysteresis in porous media, and in the characterisation of permeable solids [7], the use of NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) in the heterogeneous and hierarchical stractural modelling of porous media [8,10], and flie use of SEM imaging techniques [7,11]. 

---