Gastrointestinal disorders, functional

Irritable bowel syndrome (DBS) is an exceedingly common condition in all societies, characterized by abdominal discomfort or pain in association with altered bowel habit or incomplete stool evacuation, bloating and constipation or diarrhoea, easily go undetected and do not show up with common tests such as blood tests or x-rays. The estimated prevalence in the community is about 10%. Irritable bowel syndrome and its variants, collectively called functional gastrointestinal disorders, constitute 40-50% of all the patients seen by gastroenterologists in Western countries. 

These drug are used cautiously in patients with gastrointestinal disorders, renal function impairment and those who are pregnant or lactating. 

FLOCK M H, HONG-cuRTiss J (2002) Probiotics and Functional Foods in Gastrointestinal Disorders. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 5 311-21. 

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) such as amitriptyline and doxepin have been used with some success in the treatment of IBS-related pain (Table 18-5). They modulate pain principally through their effect on neurotransmitter reuptake, especially norepinephrine and serotonin. Their helpfulness in functional gastrointestinal disorders seems independent of mood-altering effects normally associated with these agents. Low-dose TCAs (e.g., amitriptyline, desipramine, or doxepin 10 to 25 mg daily) may help patients with IBS who predominantly experience diarrhea or pain. 

Brandt L, Schoenfeld P, Prather C, et al. American College of Gastroenterology Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Task Force. An evidence based approach to the management of chronic constipation in North America. Am J Gastroenterol 2005 100 S1-S21. 

Keywords Colon cancer functional dyspepsia functional gastrointestinal disorders gastroesophageal reflux disease Helicobacter pylori infection inflammatory bowel disease irritable bowel syndrome liver transplantation pharmacogenetics. 

Camilleri M, Bueno L, de Ponti E, Fioramonti J, Lydi-ard RB, Tack J. Pharmacological and pharmacokinetic aspects of functional gastrointestinal disorders. Gastroenterology 2006 130 1421-34. 

Effects on thyroid function, gastrointestinal disorders, neurotoxicity, pulmonary and cardiovascular function deficits, diabetes and immune suppresion... 

Several studies have examined other possible adverse effects associated with exposure to PCDD/Fs, and these included alteration of thyroid function, gastrointestinal disorders, reproductive problems, neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, pulmonary and cardiovascular effects.71,78-88 Many of these effects have been... 

Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders (methylscopolamine bromide, butylscopolamine bromide) and structural analogues... 

Bismuth compounds have long been known for their biological function, primarily for treating gastrointestinal disorders. Generally bismuth compounds are not very... 

The safety of continuous itraconazole (50-200 mg/day for up to 3 months) in the treatment of onychomycosis and dermatomycosis has been reviewed, using pnblished and unpublished data from clinical trials (15). The overall incidence of adverse events in patients who took continuous itraconazole (21%) differed little from that in patients who took either topical miconazole or oral placebo (18%). The most frequently reported adverse events were gastrointestinal disorders (6.7%), headache (4.2%), and skin disorders (2.7%). No data were given on the incidence of serious adverse events attributed to itraconazole. Among laboratory abnormalities, clinically significant rises in liver function tests occurred in 3.4% of 527 patients treated with itraconazole (2.6% in patients treated with 50-200 mg/day for dermatomycosis versus 6.6% in patients treated with 200 mg/day for 3 months for onychomycosis). 

In three pivotal clinical trials of mycophenolate mofetil in kidney transplant recipients, adverse effects were in accordance with the known antiproliferative effect of mycophenolate, namely gastrointestinal disorders, leukopenia, and opportunistic infections, in particular cytomegalovirus tissue invasive disease (SED-13, 1130) (SEDA-20,346). Nephrotoxicity was not observed in clinical trials, and renal function significantly improved in six patients converted to mycophenolate for ciclosporin nephrotoxicity (8). 

Clinical studies indicate that malethamer, a crosslinked copolymer of ethylene and maleic anhydride, Tras effective in the treatment of diarrhea due to its unusual water binding capacity.Anisotropine methyl bromide (2-propylpentanoyltropinium methyl bromide) and pheno-barbital provided greater relief for various functional gastrointestinal disorders than the anisotropine alone or belladonna alkaloids with phenobarbital. 

I m studying an enzyme involved in diseases such as asthma, arthritis, bronchial disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, preterm labor, and diabetes. I want to find out about this enzyme s structural and functional relationship and how it behaves in hmnan cells. This enzyme is isolated from cells of the hmnan placenta. This is not an easy task. My colleagues and I have classified it by its molecular weight, pH, and calcimn dependencies. 

Laboratory tests in the investigation of gastrointestinal disorders fall into one of two groups tests which identify malabsorption and tests of pancreatic function. The most frequently performed tests are outlined below. There is little agreement amongst investigators as to the best te.sis to use. 

Laboratory tests in the investigation of gastrointestinal disorders fall into one of two groups tests of malabsorption and tests of pancreatic function. 

From the studies described above, it is evident that motilides not only stimulate gastric motility but also accelerate delayed gastric emptying in certain clinical conditions. As the next step, the clinical benefit to patients with gastrointestinal disorders (e.g., symptom relief) needs to be proved in double-blind and placebo-controlled studies. Motilides seem to offer an additional therapeutic possibility for the treatment of patients with impaired gastric motor function. 

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