Commodity Description

Note "Organic Chemicals" refers to HS (Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System) Code 29. 

Note "Inorganic Chemicals" refers to "inorganic chemicals organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals, of rare-earth metals, of radioactive elements or of isotopes," HS (Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System) Code 28. 

Note "Photographic or Cinematographic Goods" refers to HS (Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System) Code 37. Products in this classification include "photo plates and film, flat, sensitized, unexposed photo film in rolls sensitized, unexposed photo paper, paperboard and textiles, sens, unexposed photo plates, film, paper, etc, exposed, not developed photo plates and still film, exposed developed motion-picture film, exposed and developed photographic chemicals, unmixed products retail packed."... 

Fibre type Strength (cN/dtex) Modulus (cN/dtex) Process method Commodity description... 

ORM-D—A material such as a consumer commodity which, though otherwise subject to the regulations of this subchapter, presents a limited hazard during transportation due to its form, quantity and packaging. They must be materials for which exceptions are provided in Sec. 172.101. A shipping description applicable to each ORM-D material or category of ORM-D materials is found in Sec. 172-101. (Sec. 173.500 (a)(4))... 

The RAC and processed commodities to be collected for each crop are listed in OPPTS 860.1000. Close attention should be paid to the definition and description of many of the commodities listed in the footnotes to Table 1. Reviewing a summary of the actual commercial processing practices for the crop may be helpful. Once the processing procedures and the agronomic practices to be simulated in the field residue trial are understood, a field study can be designed that will truly represent commercial production and processing practices. This will ensure that the study will yield useful, reliable, and accurate data to be used in the tolerance setting process. 

Processing summary this section may consist of a general paragraph describing the commercial process and the specific variety received as the test commodity. The processing summary will continue with a step-by-step description of the processing laboratory operations required to simulate the production of the required fractions. 

Sulfonylurea herbicides are generally applied to crops as an early post-emergent herbicide. Crops that are tolerant to these herbicides quickly metabolize them to innocuous compounds. At maturity, residues of the parent compound in food and feed commodities are nondetectable. Metabolites are not considered to be of concern, and their levels are usually nondetectable also. For this reason, the residue definition only includes the parent compound. Tolerances [or maximum residue limits (MRLs)] are based on the LOQ of the method submitted for enforcement purposes and usually range from 0.01 to 0.05 mg kg (ppm) for food items and up to O.lmgkg" for feed items. There is no practical need for residue methods for animal tissues or animal-derived products such as milk, meat, and eggs. Sulfonylurea herbicides are not found in animal feed items, as mentioned above. Furthermore, sulfonylurea herbicides intentionally dosed to rats and goats are mostly excreted in the urine and feces, and the traces that are absorbed are rapidly metabolized to nontoxic compounds. For this reason, no descriptions of methods for animal-derived matrices are given here. 

In parallel with an analytical and mathematical description of chemical reactors, we will attempt to survey the petroleum and chemical industries and related industries in which chemical processing is important. We can divide the major processes into petroleum refining, commodity chemicals, fine chemicals, food processing, materials, and pharmaceuticals. Their plant capacities and retail prices are summarized in Table 1-1. 

Then throughout the book the reactions and reactors of the petroleirm and commodity chemical industries are reintroduced as the relevant principles for their description are developed. 

A description of the present status of PFC sourcing from Asia by Western big pharma companies is the following statement from a Pfizer spokesperson Pfizer is working intensively with Asian based companies to move there the manufacturing of old APIs (= commodities) because of cost containment goals, while the European based companies are mostly used for contract manufacturing on advanced intermediates for New Chemical Entities. ... 

The Codex Alimentarius Commission, in its Draft Provisional Standard34 (following definition and description, and subsidiary definitions and designations) has laid down certain compositional criteria. It is obvious that all definitions of honey so far discussed deal with two chemically and physically distinct commodities namely, nectar honey and honeydew honey. A comparison between the two shows that honeydew honey is lower in D-fructose and D-glucose and higher in pH, oligosaccharides, acidic components, ash, and nitrogen than nectar honey. 

Petroleum is a resource, in particular, petroleum is a fossil fuel resource (Speight, 1999). A resource is the entire commodity that exists in the sediments and strata whereas the reserves represent that fraction of a commodity that can be recovered economically. However, the use of the term reserves as being descriptive of the resource is subject to much speculation. In fact, it is subject to word variations For example, reserves are classed as proved, unproved, probable, possible, and undiscovered. 

Catalyst Description. The LPO catalyst is a triphenylphosphine modified carbonyl complex of rhodium. Triphenylphosphine, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen form labile bonds with rhodium. Exotic catalyst synthesis and complicated catalyst handling steps are avoided since the desired rhodium complex forms under reaction conditions. Early work showed that a variety of rhodium compounds might be charged initially to produce the catalyst. Final selection was made on the basis of high yield of the catalyst precursor from a commodity rhodium salt, low toxicity, and good stability to air, heat, light, and shock. 

For commodity applications, there are four major classes of resins that are used in FRP applications. They are phenolic resin, epoxy resin, unsaturated polyester resin, and epoxy vinyl ester resins. A more complete description of these types of resins and their many variations can be found in Handbook of Thermoset Plastics. This is not a comprehensive list of resins used in composite manufacture, as commodity materials like polyurethanes and isocyanurate resins are sometimes used as well to make FRP parts. However, these materials are not covered in this chapter owing to their limited use, but, the principals of fire safety that apply for the resins described subsequently apply to these materials as well. 

Glucose Isomerase. The biggest success story in the enzyme industry has to be glucose isomerase. The very first report of an enzyme that converts glucose to fructose was in 1957 (10). In less than 20 years the enzyme was studied, tailored into a cost effective immobilized form and put into production to make a commodity corn syrup product. In less than 30 years from its first description, it became the largest commercially used immobilized enzyme and responsible for making one of the world s major sweeteners. Since... 

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