Motion picture film

Kinefilm, n. motion-picture film, kinematisch, a. kinematic, kinematographisch, a. cinematographic, netik, /. kinetics, kinetisch, a. kiiietic. 

Received April 26, 1951. For material supplementary to this article order Document 3244 from American Documentation Institute, 1719 N St., N.W., Washington 6, D. C., remitting 1.00 for microfilm (images 1 inch high on standard 35-mm. motion picture film) or 6.75 for photocopies (6X8 inches), readable without optical aid. 

George Eastman, left, holds Thomas Edison s "motioned pictures" film while Edison studies the camera. Courtesy George Eastman House. 

The motivation to make derivatives of cellulose was the conversion of the intractable material into something that could be dissolved and then processed. As we just saw, cellulose acetate replaced cellulose nitrate in commercial motion picture film and was the only polymer ever used for home movie film. Edison introduced home moviemaking in this country in 1911. 

Note "Photographic or Cinematographic Goods" refers to HS (Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System) Code 37. Products in this classification include "photo plates and film, flat, sensitized, unexposed photo film in rolls sensitized, unexposed photo paper, paperboard and textiles, sens, unexposed photo plates, film, paper, etc, exposed, not developed photo plates and still film, exposed developed motion-picture film, exposed and developed photographic chemicals, unmixed products retail packed."... 

Materials and products used in the storage of information paper, books, leather, parchment, photographic materials, microfilm, motion picture film, magnetic tape, video tape, and sound discs (phonograph records). 

A critical, systematic study of the expanding macromole-cular data base may be predicted to yield insights into the mode of action of small and large molecules. The complexity of even these simplified models is such that the uninitiated viewer requires time and a variety of stereo cues in order to perceive the spatial relationships discussed. For this reason a short motion picture film will be shown. 

Use Removal of greases and oils from metal, plastic, elastomer, and paint or varnish surfaces. Used with all cleaning techniques on assembled motors and parts, electronic devices, precision components, motion-picture film, refrigeration systems, etc. Also used for isolation of viruses, for fire extinguishing, and as dielectric coolants. 

Photographs credited to cinematographer Robert Katz and to the film "The Elements are enlargements of frames from 16 mm. reversal motion picture film. 

Means to improve the material properties of plastics have been sought for decades. Improvement has sometimes come in the form of compounds such as mineral fillers, antioxidants, and flame-retardants. One of the first searches for an improved material was centered on cellulose nitrate. Cellulose nitrate is colorless and transparent, which enabled it to be used as photographic film. However, it is extremely flammable, and its early use in motion picture film and concomitant exposure to hot lights led to numerous fires. In 1900, Henri Dreyfus substituted acetic acid for nitric acid in the synthesis of cellulose nitrate, and created instead a less flammable material, cellulose acetate. Today, polymers are often halogenated in order to achieve flame-retardation. 

The first plastic—a polymer capable of being molded—was celluloid. Invented in 1856 by Alexander Parke, it was a mixture of nitrocellulose and camphor. Celluloid was used in the manufacture of billiard balls and piano keys, replacing scarce ivory. The invention of celluloid provided a reprieve for many elephants, but caused some moments of consternation in billiard parlors because nitrocellulose is flammable and explosive. Celluloid was used for motion picture film until it was replaced by cellulose acetate, a less dangerous polymer. 

MTM-1 data are the result of frame-by-frame analyses of motion picture films of different types of work. The film was analyzed for the motion content of the operation in question, rated by the Westinghouse technique, evaluated to determine the degree of difficulty caused by the cheuacteristics of the motion and frame counts measured to yield normal motion times. The first set of predetermined time standards defined time values for the seven fundamental motions of REACH, MOVE, TURN, GRASP, POSITION, DISENGAGE, and RELEASE. 

PEG-20 oleamine PEG-35 tallowamine cleaner, motion picture film 1,1,1-Trichloroethane cleaner, oil wells Calcium hydride cleaner, oxidized metal surfaces 2-Phosphonobutane tricarboxylic acid-1,2,4 cleaner, paints/coatings C12-14 pareth-23 PEG-20 oleamine PEG-35 tallowamine cleaner, paper... 

ISO 486 1988 Cinematography — 16 mm motion-picture film perforated 8 mm Type R - Cutting and perforating dimensions... 

ISO 9924-2 2000 Rubber and rubber products — Determination of the composition of vulcanizates and uncured compounds by thermogravimetry — Part 2 Acrylonitrile-butadiene and halobutyl rubbers ISO 10356 1996 Cinematography — Storage and handling of nitrate-base motion-picture films ISO 10993-17 2002 Biological evaluation of medical devices — Part 17 Establishment of allowable limils for leachable substances... 

Cellulose nitrate (CN) or nitrocellulose is a nitric acid ester of cellulose manufactured by the action of a mixture of sulfuric acid and nitric acid on cellulose, such as purified cotton linters. The major use of plastics-grade cellulose nitrate is in the coating field. Despite its disadvantages of flammability, instability, and poor weathering properties, cellulose nitrate is one of the cheapest and most highly impact-resistant plastic. It still has many uses because of these properties, including fountain pens, tool and brush handles, eyeglass frames, and some motion picture film. It accounts for only a small fraction of the volume of cellulose plastics. Cellulose nitrate materials are sometimes simply called nitrates. 

For some applications, such as b/w motion picture film, it is useful to produce a positive at once. This is known. 

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