Colorectal cancer incidence rate

Although it is difficult to compare trends because of large year-to-year variations in colorectal cancer incidence rates in minority population groups, downward trends in colorectal cancer incidence appear to be greater for whites, African-Americans, Asian/Paciflc Islanders, and American Indian/Alaskan Native Americans than for Hispanics. Trends for incidence and mortality rates among white and African-American males and females in the United States can be compared in Fig. 127-1. 

It has been suggested that chronomodulated delivery of oxaliplatin might reduce the incidence of platinum-induced neurotoxicity (118,119). In a randomized, multicenter trial in patients with previously untreated metastases from colorectal cancer, 93 patients were assigned chronotherapy and 93 were assigned constant-rate infusion (120). Chronotherapy reduced the rate of severe mucositis... 

For both adult men and women, colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. An estimated 56,290 deaths will occur during 2005. Overall, the mortality and incidence associated with colorectal cancer has decreased during the past 30 years. Mortality rates associated with colorectal cancer in the United States are comparable to those of other industrialized areas around the world. ... 

Based on the recognized incidence of colorectal cancer, identification of high-risk individuals, and the high rate of curability associated with localized lesions, screening recommendations for early detection of colorectal cancer have been established. This section reviews available screening techniques for colon cancer. 

In colorectal cancer, peritoneal recurrence is relatively rare as compared with gastric cancers. Broil et al. reported in 2001 that CEA mRNA in the peritoneal fluids was detected at the incidence of 65% in 49 colorectal cancer patients (B3). Guller et al. also reported that the positivity rate of CEA mRNA in peritoneal washes is 0% in stage I-II patients and 33% (6/18) in... 

Incidence rates of colorectal cancer are high in all economically developed countries and are increasing (Boyle and Langman, 2000). Both genetic and environmental factors... 

Gastric or stomach cancer is the second most frequent death cause of cancer, after limg cancer, around the world. Almost two-thirds of cases occur in Eastern Europe, South America, and Asia with 42% in China alone. In the United States, in 2009, an estimated 21,130 new cases of gastric cancer were diagnosed and were associated with 10,620 deaths (Jemal et ah, 2009), and it is one of the most common cancers in Europe ranking fifth after lung, prostate, colorectal, and bladder cancers in men and breast, colorectal, lung, and cancer of the corpus uteri in women. Sex-dependent ratio is (the male-to-female ratio in incidence rates) about 1.6 1 (Boyle and Ferlay, 2005). 

The colon is a muscular organ and the last part of the digestive system in human, and the rectum is the final portion of the colon. Colorectal cancer is the third most common type worldwide (Boyle and Ferlay, 2005 Parkin, 2004) after limg and stomach cancer. Among them colon cancer is more frequent than rectal cancer. Especially in developed countries, the ratio of colon to rectum cancer cases can increase up to 2 1 or more. However, in nonindustrialized countries, rates are almost similar. On the other hand, comparison of the incidence rate of colon cancer in developed and underdeveloped countries shows that colorectal cancer is more common in industrialized countries. Also 50% of the colorectal cancer death has been seen in developed countries (Tyczynski et al., 2003). It remains relatively uncommon in Africa and much of Asia. And rates of this cancer increase with industrialization and urbanization. It has been much more common in high income countries, but also now increasing in middle- and low-income countries too. It remains relatively higher in North America, Europe, and Australia rather than South America, Asia, and Africa (Parkin, 2004). 

Carcinoma of the uterine cervix is the third most common malignancy in women worldwide after breast and colorectal cancers (Parkin et al. 1999). Approximately 371,200 new cases of cervical cancer occur each year throughout the world, accounting for 10% of all cancers in women. The American Cancer Society estimated that 12,900 cases of invasive cervical cancer were expected to be diagnosed in 2001 in the United States. Primarily because of screening with the Pap smear, the incidence and mortality rates for cervical cancer have declined in most developed countries. Between 1993 and 1997, the incidence rate in black women (11.4 per 100,000) was higher than the rate in white women (7.1 per 100,000). An estimated 4,400 cervical cancer deaths were expected to occur in 2001 in the U.S. Since 1982, cervical cancer mortality rates have declined at an average of about 1.5% per year. 

A case-cohort study conducted in Denmark similarly examined plasma ENL and colorectal cancer and found significantly lower incidence rate ratios (IRR) for colon cancer among women for each doubling of plasma ENL concentration (IRR 0.76 95% Cl 0.60—0.96). Interestingly, however, rectal cancer in men was associated with an increased risk for every doubling of plasma ENL concentration (IRR 1.74 95% Q 1.25—2.44). ... 

In the United States, 1 in 17 people will develop colorectal cancer. According to reports from the National Cancer Institute, colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in US men and women. The overall incidence of colorectal cancer increased until 1985 and then began decreasing at an average rate of 1.6% per year. Approximately 75% of all colorectal cancers occur among persons of average risk, i.e., those without predisposing conditions. 

---