Nonindustrialized countries

In addition to Congo red, benzopurpurin 4 B, prepared from o-tolidine and naphthionic acid, is also of importance. In the preparation of this dye, the coupling reaction cannot be carried out at higher temperatures since the tetrazo compound from o-tolidine is too unstable. Benzopurpurin 4 B is somewhat less sensitive to acids than Congo red, and, like the latter, is widely used, particularly in the Orient. It is interesting that these dyes are found to be much more stable in nonindustrialized countries where the atmosphere contains little sulfuric and sulfurous acids. 

In nonindustrialized countries it is feared that, without legislative measures, considerably enhanced production and consumption will lead to similar or even worse Cd pollution as has occurred in the past in industrialized countries. There are no known beneficial effects of Cd, and the available literature on the exposure, pollution, and toxicology of Cd is enormous and still growing. Many conferences, symposia, colloquia, and workshops have been - and will continue to be - dedicated to Cd and its associated problems. It is impossible to deal with all problematic aspects of Cd within the scope and limits of this chapter hence a selection has been made of the most important issues of the exposure and toxicology of Cd. 

It is to be expected that all these measures will reduce the use and spillage of Cd in the industrialized world, as is shown for the USA in Figure 6.1. However, as the production remains stable, the use and spillage in the nonindustrialized world will continue to increase. Exportation of Cd metal by the USA in 2001 was to China 47%, Pakistan 14%, France 8%, Canada 7%, the UK 7%, Jordan 4%, Brazil 3%, Germany 3%, South Africa 2%, Japan 2%, and Egypt 2% (Plachy 2001). Thus, export from the USA to nonindustrialized countries was 72%, which illustrates that the use - and most likely also spillage - in the nonindustrialized countries will continue to rise. 

The colon is a muscular organ and the last part of the digestive system in human, and the rectum is the final portion of the colon. Colorectal cancer is the third most common type worldwide (Boyle and Ferlay, 2005 Parkin, 2004) after limg and stomach cancer. Among them colon cancer is more frequent than rectal cancer. Especially in developed countries, the ratio of colon to rectum cancer cases can increase up to 2 1 or more. However, in nonindustrialized countries, rates are almost similar. On the other hand, comparison of the incidence rate of colon cancer in developed and underdeveloped countries shows that colorectal cancer is more common in industrialized countries. Also 50% of the colorectal cancer death has been seen in developed countries (Tyczynski et al., 2003). It remains relatively uncommon in Africa and much of Asia. And rates of this cancer increase with industrialization and urbanization. It has been much more common in high income countries, but also now increasing in middle- and low-income countries too. It remains relatively higher in North America, Europe, and Australia rather than South America, Asia, and Africa (Parkin, 2004). 

Arterial diseases are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in all industrialized countries, and their incidence is increasing in nonindustrial countries. Among the industrialized countries, the United States in particular is in the midst of an epidemic of obesity and diabetes. One in four Americans meets the criteria for obesity and the number keeps growing. 

Table VII compares the calculated average total dioxin toxic equivalents in human breast milk (or extrapolated from adipose tissue data) from populations in Vietnam and the United States. These numbers are based on the EPA equivalency values shown in Tables IV and V. For purposes of comparison and since the equivalent value for the north of Vietnam is the lowest we know of world-wide at the present time, we have defined this level as one. On this basis, the levels in the United States are on the average approximately 16-fold higher, while the values for south of Vietnam for 1973 and 1984 are approximately 67- and 17-fold higher respectively. It should be noted that the values for the south of Vietnam would be higher still were the data from the breast milk samples collected in 1970 (27) included in these calculations. By either calculation, there existed a population in the south of Vietnam and nursing during the early 1970 s, whose consumption of these contaminants in breast milk was quite high, and higher than any other population of nursing infants. Values from industrial countries such as the United States, Canada (Table II), or in Europe (21-23) are well above those seen in such nonindustrialized areas as the north of Vietnam, but below what was seen in heavily contaminated areas such as the south of Vietnam in 1973,...

Environmental studies [17] of urban airsheds in several areas of the country have shown that high levels of atmospheric vanadium oxide are associated with industrialized areas, especially those areas where fossil fuels are burned or where vanadate steel is being produced. In addition, vanadium has been shown to exhibit increased tissue levels in fish and other marine animals associated with oil rigs in the Santa Barbara basin of the United States [18]. Blotcky et al. [19] determined the vanadium content in shrimp, crab, and oyster from four ocean sites off and near Galveston Island, Texas. They found that the vanadium content was greater in marine biological samples taken in waters near industrialized areas as compared to samples taken in waters near the nonindustrialized sections. Speciation of the vanadium is very important since the two oxidation states, i.e., IV or V, have different nutritional and toxic properties [14]. Orvini et al. [20] applied a preirradiation speciation method to freshwaters from the Italian Ticino and Po rivers and found out that vanadium was present in various tetravalent cationic and pentavalent anionic as well as in natural complexed forms. 

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