Coffee, Coffea

Xanthines such as caffeine (1)> theophylline (aminophylline) (2), and theobromine (3) are a class of alkaloids that occur in numerous plants. The CNS stimulant activity of aqueous infusions containing these compounds has been recognized since antiquity. This has, of course, led to widespread consumption of such well-known beverages as coffee (Coffea arabica), tea (Thea sinesis), mate, and cola beverages (in part Cola acuminata). The annual consumption of caffeine in the United States alone has been estimated to be in excess of a billion kilos. The pure compounds have found some use in the clinic as CNS stimulants. In addition, caffeine is widely used in conjunction with aspirin in various headache remedies. 

Tiscornia, E., Centi-Grossi, M., Tassi-Micco, C., Evangelisti, F., The sterol fraction of the oil extracted from coffee (Coffea arabica L.) seeds, Riv. Ital. Sostanze Grasse, 56, 283, 1979. (CA92 90899b)... 

Purinergic Coffee Coffea arab/caMethyIxanthines Adenosine antagonism... 

Coffee Coffea arabica). Reprinted from Culbreth DMR. (1927). Materia Medica and Pharmacognosy, 7th ed. Philadelphia Lea Febiger. 

As these examples show, different defenses among plant parts and seasonal differences have to be considered together. Coffee Coffea arabica) is a well-investigated example of increased chemical defenses when the plant is most vulnerable to herb ivory. The concentration of the alkaloid caffeine (Fig. 11.18) varies between plant parts and with the growth cycle. In the germinating seed, the... 

Caffeine production by polyurethane foam-immobilized coffee (Coffea ara-... 

Coffee, Coffea arabacia green beans Sweet fern, Comptonia peregrina-, leaf various distances from nickel smelter August... 

Coffee Coffea sp. Caffeine Adenosine (antagonist) Adenosine... 

Caffeine (1.10), found in coffee (Coffea arabica), was introduced to Europe through Constantinople (modem Istanbul) in the 1500s (Figure 1.5). The stimulant effects of coffee were widely acknowledged, but coffee was recognized as a useful diuretic. Caffeine was first synthesized by Emil Fischer in 1882. Two related compounds, theobromine (1.11) and theophylline (1.12), found in cacao seeds (Theobroma cacao) and tea (Camellia sinensi), respectively, are more potent diuretics than caffeine.1 All three compounds are based on the purine ring system (1.13). 

In discussing fungicides we must add some non-food crops rubber (Hevea brasiliensis), coffee (Coffea spp.), cotton (Uossypium spp.), tea and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). 

The PA caffeine is produced from xanthosine via three distinct N-methylations (Fig.7.5).87 89 Partially purified enzyme extracts from tea (Camellia senensis) and coffee (Coffea arabica) were shown to exhibit all three activities, suggesting either that the A-methyltransferase steps in caffeine biosynthesis are catalyzed by a single enzyme, or by multiple enzymes with similar properties.90 However, a specific A-methyltransferase purified from coffee was active only toward 7-methylxanthine and theobromine91 An A-methyltransferase catalyzing the methylation of methylxanthines and designated caffeine synthase (CS) was purified from tea.92 CS catalyzes two consecutive methylations involved in the conversion of 7-methylxanthine to caffeine, but is inactive toward xanthosine, indicating that the first methylation proceeds via a different enzyme. Heterologous expression of the CS cDNA showed that the enzyme was active toward 7-methylxanthine, paraxanthine,... 

COFFEE, Coffeae semen Coffee is the roasted seed from different Coffea-sptcits, family Rubiaceae, such as Coffea arabica L., Coffea liberica Bull ex. Hierm. and Coffea robusta Lind., which originally gave Mountain coffee, Liberian coffee, and Congo coffee, respectively. Now coffee is cultivated on a... 

Ruiz A.D., Suarez M., Moreno E. and Bautista E. (1995) Volatiles of roasted maize (Zea mays), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and coffee Coffea arabica). Effect of addition of these cereals on the aroma of coffee. (Spanish) Rev. Colomb. Quim. 24, 13-23. (Chem. Abstr. 125, 274236). 

The methyixanthines naturally occur in coffee Coffea arabica), cacao Theobroma cacao), and tea Camellia sinensis) (29). The major methyixanthines are caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine, and they differ by the... 

Red clover. Trifolium pratense, 580 Sweet clover, Melilotus spp., 519 Trefoil clovers, Lotus spp., 521 Trifolium spp., 180,580 White clover. Trifolium repens, 580 Coffee, Coffea arabacia, 2,65,489 Collards, Brassica spp., 249, 298, 772,796 Copper accumulator plant, 173 Becium homblei, 175 Aeolanthus spp., 175 Elsholtzia spp., 175... 

CM1115-08. See Silicone CMI321] CM 324] CMI400. See Coffee (Coffea arabica) extract... 

Coenzyme R. See d-Biotin Coenzyme Q Coenzyme Q-10. See Ubiquinone Coenzyme A trihydrate. See Coenzyme A Coffea arabica. See Coffee (Coffea arabica) extract Coffee (Coffea arabica) bean extract Coffea arabica extract Coffea robusta extract. See Coffee (Coffea arabica) extract Coffee bean extract. See Coffee (Coffea arabica) bean extract Coffee (Coffea arabica) bean extract CAS 8001-67-0 84650-00-0 EINECS/ELINCS 283-481-1... 

Aminoacridine hydrochloride 2-Amino-5-nitrothiazole Chloramine-B Chloramine-T Coffee (Coffea arabica) extract Gentamycin sulfate Hexamethylenetetramine 4-Hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl arsonic acid Phenethyl alcohol Sulfamethizole... 

Bis (2,4-dicumylphenyl) pentaerythrityl diphosphite Bis (1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidinyl) sebacate t-Butylcatechol p-t-Butyl toluene C20-40 alcohols C40-60 alcohols Carotene 2-Chlorophenol Coffee (Coffea arabica) extract Cyclohexanone oxime... 

Clintonia borealis extract Clover (Trifolium pratense) extract Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) extract Coffee (Coffea arabica) extract Coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara) extract Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) extract Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) extract Corn (Zea mays) extract Corn gluten amino acids Corn (Zea mays) gluten protein Crataegus monogina extract Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) extract Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) extract Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) extract Elder (Sambucus nigra) flower extract... 

Cobalt titanium oxide Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) extract Cocodimonium hydroxypropyl silk amino acids Coconut (Cocos nucifera) extract Coffee (Coffea arabica) extract Coneflower (Echinacea angustifolia) extract Coneflower (Echinacea pallida) extract Coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) extract Connective tissue extract Copper acetate (ic) Copper acetylmethionate Copper aspartate Copper gluconate (ic) Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus) extract Com (Zea mays) germ extract... 

Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) bark oil Cinnamyl benzoate Cinnamyl cinnamate Cinnamyl formate Cinnamyl isovalerate Cinnamyl phenylacetate Cinnamyl propionate Citral diethyl acetal Citronellyl phenylacetate Clove (Eugenia caryophyllusj extract Cod liver oil Coffee (Coffea arabica) bean extract m-Cresol o-Cresol p-Cresol o-Cresyl acetate p-Cresyl acetate Cuminic alcohol Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) oil Cyclohexanol... 

Methylxanthines and methyluric acids are secondary plant metabolites derived from purine nucleotides (Figure 6.59). The most well-known methylxanthines are caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) and theobromine (3,7-dimethylxanthine), which occur in tea (Camellia sinensis. Camellia ptilophylla, and Camellia taliensis) [242,243], coffee (Coffea arabica, Coffea canephora) [244, 245], cacao (Theobroma cacao) [246], and a number of other nonalcoholic beverages of plant origin Ilex paraguariensis, Paullinia cupana. Cola species and Citrus species [247-249]... 

Table 29.1 Genes of iV-methyltransferases involved in caffeine biosynthesis isolated from coffee (Coffea arabica) plants...

Mazzafera P, Carvalho A (1991) Breeding for low seed caffeine content of coffee (Coffea L.) by interspecific hybridization. Euphytica 59 55-60... 

Silva, C. R, Batista, L. R., Abreu, L. M., Dias, E. S., Schwan, R. E. (2008). Succession of bacterial and fungal communities during natural coffee (Coffea arabica) fermentation. Food Microbiology, 25, 951-957. 

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