Red clover extract

Volatile constituents in alfalfa and red clover extracts, in Flavors and Fragrances A World Perspective, Lawrence, B. M. et al., Eds., Conference. Washington, D.C., 16-20 Nov. 1986, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1988. 

Rijke E, Zafra-Gomez A, Ariese F, Brinkman UAT and Gooijer C, Determination of isoflavone glucoside malonates in Trifolium pretense L. (red clover) extracts Quantification and stability studies. J Chromatogr A 932 55-64 (2001). 

No change in prothrombin time or INR time was found after administration of 400 mg daily of red clover extract to postmenopausal women for 30 days (Booth et al. 2004). 

In ovariectomized rats administered 250, 500, or 750 mg daily of a red clover extract (15% isoflavones) for 21 days, a dose-dependent increase in uterine weight and differentiated vaginal cells were observed at the two higher doses, but no stimulation of cell proliferation was observed in the mammary glands. Neither antiestrogenic nor additive estrogenic properties were observed in any of the tissues studied (Burdette et al. 2002). 

In vitro assays of red clover extracts in endometrial cells and MCF-7 (estrogen receptor-positive) breast cancer cells, differential estrogenic activity was observed in the endometrial cells, whereas nondifferential activity was observed in the MCF-7 cells, indicating the significance of the type of bioassay used to determine the estrogenic activity of red clover (Booth et al. 2006). 

CUfton-Bligh, P.B., RJ. Baber, G.R. Fulcher, M.L. Nery and T. Moreton 2001. The effect of isoflavones extracted from red clover (RimostU) on lipid and bone metabolism. Menopause 8(4) 259-265. Coon, J.T., M.H. Pittler, and E. Ernst. 2007. Trifolium pratense isoflavones in the treatment of menopausal hot flushes A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytomedicine 14(2-3) 153-159. DerMarderosian, A., and J. Beutler. 2005. The review of natural products. 4th ed. St Louis Facts and Comparisons. Dornstauder, E., E. Jisa, I. Unterrieder, et al. 2001. Estrogenic activity of two standardized red clover extracts (Menoflavon) intended for large scale use in hormone replacement therapy.. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 78(l) 67-75. 

Imhof, M., A. Gocan, F. Reithmayr, et al. 2006. Effects of a red clover extract (MFllRCE) on endometrium and sex hormones in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 55(1) 76-81. 

The alkaloid slaframine (38) is produced by cultures of Rhizoctonia leguminocola grown on nontoxic red clover extract. This alkaloid is responsible for a series of characteristics such as slobbering (excessive salivation) and lacrima-tion. This disease has been determined to result from consumption of the fungal mycelia (Elbein and Molyneux, 1987 Fellows et al, 1989 Howard and Michael, 1986). 

Domstauder E, Jisa E, Unterrieder I, Krenn L, Kubelka W, Jungbauer A (2001) Estrogenic activity of two standardized red clover extracts (Menoflavon) intended for large scale use in hormone replacement therapy. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 78 67-75... 

Table VI. Percent germination of birdsfoot trefoil and red clover seeds exposed to leaf extracts of tall fescue genotypes ...

Solid extracts of (1) alfalfa and (2) red clover (used in food flavorings) were examined by GC/MS. 389 of 450 detected components were identified in (1), vs. 210 of 309 components detected in (2). In both extracts, predominant compounds identified were esters (1) 105, (2) 55 acids (1) 42, (2) 31 alcohols (1) 34, (2) 31 and hydrocarbons (1) 28, (2) 14. Many other compounds were also found, including cannabinol, caffeine, scopolamine, isocoumarin, phenylpentadienal, phenylhexadiene, and nepetalactone.25... 

Klejdus B, Vitamvasova D and Kuban V. 2001. Identification of isoflavone conjugates in red clover (Trifolium pratense) by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry after two-dimensional solid-phase extraction. Anal Chim Acta 450 81-97. 

Liebman M, Sundberg DN (2006) Seed mass affects the susceptibility of weed and crop species to phytotoxins extracted from red clover shoots. Weed Sci 54 340-345 Lin D, Sugitomo Y, Dong Y, Terao H, Matsuo M (2006) Natural herbicidal potential of sauru-raceae (Houttuynia cordata Thunb.) dried powders on paddy weeds in transplanted rice. Crop Prot 25 1126-1129... 

Clifton-Bligh, P.B., Barber, R.J., Fulcher, G.R., Nery, M.L. and Moreton, T. (2001). The effect of isoflavones extracted from red clover (rimostril) on lipid and bone metabolism. Menopause, 8, 259-265. 

Figure A.3A.3 LC/MS analysis of a dietary supplement consisting of extract of Trifolium pratense (red clover). Reversed-phase C18 HPLC and negative ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry were used with a quadrupole mass spectrometer analyzer (Agilent also see Table A.3A.1). The map illustrates the abundance of information provided by this hyphenated technique with HPLC mass chromatograms in one dimension and mass spectra in another dimension.

An example of the LC/MS analysis of aplant extract is shown in Figure A.3A.3. In this case, negative ion ESI-MS was used in combination with C18 reversed-phase HPLC separation. Extracts of the botanical Trifolium pratense (red clover) are used as dietary supplements by menopausal and post-menopausal women (Liu et al., 2001). The two-dimensional map illustrates the amount of information that may be... 

Delmonte P, Perry J, Rader JI. 2006. Determination of isoflavones in dietary supplements containing soy, red clover and kudzu Extraction followed by basic or acid hydrolysis. J Chromatography A 1107 59-69. 

ESTROGENS, extract from plants RED CLOVER AND TIMOTHY... 

Figure 13.3. Two-dimensional map showing the LC-MS analysis of an extract of red clover under investigation for the management of menopause. Reversed phase separation was carried out using a Ci8 HPLC column in the time dimension and negative ion electrospray mass spectrometry was used for compound detection and molecular weight determination in the second dimension.

McBride, M. B., Nibarger, E. A., Richards, B. K., and Steenhius, T. (2003). Trace metal accumulation by red clover grown on sewage sludge amended soils and correlation to Mehlich3 and calcium chloride extractable metals. Soil Sci. 168, 29-38. 

Processing of Coenzyme QIO was studied by Nunes et al. (47) using SC-C02. Some other studies were conducted on the extraction by SC-C02 of polar compounds such as phenols, with the addition of polar modifiers. Chepe et al. (48) demonstrated the possibility to obtain the concentration of the isoflavones biochanin A and formononetin continuously from a red clover EtOH/water extract by means of SC-C02-fractionation using a column. 

MycobacteriumGarWc, usnea, grapefruit seed extract, boneset, tuberculosis goldenseal, red clover (Trifolium pratense), Tuberculosis shizandra (Schisandra chinensis), elecampane (Inula helenium)... 

As with selenocystine, the amino acid selenomethionine, CH3Se(CH2)2CH(NH2)COOH, is largely incorporated into proteins but has been found in the free form to some extent. Onions Allium cepa) which had been injected with radioactive selenite were reported to contain selenomethionine as were ethanol extracts of red clover, white clover and rye... 

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