COCA

Ci-,H2,N04. Colourless prisms, m.p. 98°C. Obtained from coca, either by direct purification, or by acid hydrolysis of the mixed alkaloids to ecgonine, which is then methylated and benzoylated. Coca consists of the dried leaves of Eryihroxyluni coca and Erythroxylum iruxillense, shrubs growing in Bolivia and Peru. 

A central nervous system stimulant obtained from the leaves of the coca plant)... 

The natives of Pern were learning to ease their physical pains by chewing the leaves of coca shrub (E thro>ylon truxillence, which contain, among... 

The main advantages of the ms/ms systems are related to the sensitivity and selectivity they provide. Two mass analyzers in tandem significantly enhance selectivity. Thus samples in very complex matrices can be characterized quickly with Htde or no sample clean-up. Direct introduction of samples such as coca leaves or urine into an ms or even a gc/lc/ms system requires a clean-up step that is not needed in tandem mass spectrometry (28,29). Adding the sensitivity of the electron multiplier to this type of selectivity makes ms/ms a powerhil analytical tool, indeed. It should be noted that introduction of very complex materials increases the frequency of ion source cleaning compared to single-stage instmments where sample clean-up is done first. 

Elavored carbonated beverages, or soft drinks, were developed by apothecaries and chemists in the early nineteenth century by the addition of flavored symps to fountain-dispensed carbonated water. The introduction of proprietary flavors began in the late 1880s. Charles H. Hires introduced his root beer extract in 1876, Vemors s Ginger Ale was marketed by James Vernor in 1880, R. S. La2enby perfected the formula for Dr. Pepper in 1885, and John S. Pemberton developed the formula for Coca-Cola in 1886. Brad s Drink was introduced in 1896 and was later renamed Pepsi-Cola in 1898. 

The soft drink industry is dominated by two key players. The Coca-Cola Company and Pepsico. These two companies produce eight of the ten top soft drink brands and comprise over 72% of the soft drink market in the United States (Figs. 2 and 3). 

Carbonated Beverage Quality Control Manual, Vol. II, Beverage QuaHty Control Department, Coca-Cola USA, Adanta, Ga., 1989. 

The first well-known LCA study was funded by Coca-Cola in 1969. Its purpose was to compare resource consumption and emissions associated with beverage containers. During the energy crisis, several studies were performed with an emphasis on energy. Before 1990, LCA studies dealt mainly with emissions and use of resources and were limited to technical systems. 

The liabitat of Erythroxylon spp. is principally the western side of Soutl America, and although indigenous species occur in India, Africa anc Australia, they have no economic value. Two kinds of coca leaves ar< available in commerce, Bolivian or Huanuco leaves derived from E. coce Lam. and Peruvian or Truxillo leaves obtained from E. truxillense Rusby both are cultivated in Java. In South America coca leaves are chewee with lime by the Indians as a stimulant, and are exported to Europe foi use in medicine and for the preparation of cocaine, but the prineipal sourc< of coca leaves is Java. Crude cocaine is manufactured in South Americi and exported for refining and some aspects of this industry have beei discussed recently. ... 

Truxillines, CggH4jOgN2. In 1887 Hesse isolated from Peruvian coca leaves an amorphous alkaloid which he named cocamine a year later Liebermann examined this material, and by fractioimtion of its solutions by addition of petroleum proved it to be a mixture of at least two isomeric bases, which he named a- and jS-truxillines. The pure alkaloids have not been obtained from coca leaves owing to the difficulty of separating them, but each has been prepared synthetically. ... 

Eegonine is readily esterified in presence of hydrogen chloride, and this way various alkylecgonines have been prepared. The most impKartai of these is the methyl ester, b.p. 177°/15 mm., which according to de Jong occurs in Java coca. It was prepared by Einhom and Klein in 1888 i the hydrochloride crystallising, with 1 HjO, in colourless prisms, m.p. 21... 

Dihydroxytropane, CgHijO N. This base was isolated from the mixture of hydrolysed bases obtained in working up the alkaloids of Java coca it occurs in the fraction less soluble in ether than tropine and Zr-tropine, has m.p. 209-209-5°, — 22° (EtOH), yields a hydrochloride, [a] ° + 1-75°... 

Tropacocaine (Benzoyl-ili-tropeine), CuHj gOgN, was discovered by Giesel in Java coca leaves and has since been found in Peruvian coca. Its preparation from the former source has been described by Hara and Sakamoto, It crystallises in needles, m.p. 49°, is insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, ether or dilute ammonia and is generally prepared by benzoylating /t-tropine, and purified as the hydrochloride. Its alcoholic solution is alkaline and optically inactive. The hydrochloride forms needles, m.p. 271° (dec.), and the hydrobromide leaflets. The aurichloride separates in minute yellow needles, m.p. 208°, from hot aqueous solutions the picrate has m.p. 238-9°. When heated with hydrochloric acid or baryta water the alkaloid is hydrolysed to benzoic acid and -tropine. ... 

Troger and Schwarzenberg have isolated a base (m.p. 53°, b.p. 225-30° picrate, m.p. 237° (dec.) ) isomeric with tropine and 4-tropinc, from coca leaves. 

Clematis angitslifolia, 780 Coca leaves, alkaloids, 92 Cocaethyline, 96 Cocaine, 79, 92, 93, 99, 100 detection, 94 homologues, 90... 

Tropane Group. SolanaceOus Alkaloids, Convolvine and Allied Alkaloids, Dioscorine, Alkaloids of Coca Leaves (Erythroxylon coca). ... 

---