Coca plant cocaine isolated from

Hyoscyamine and its racemic form atropine (extracted from Hyoscyamus niger, Atropa belladonna, and Mandragora officinarum), scopolamine (a co-product of hyoscyamine in Datura plants), cocaine (isolated from Erytroxylon coca), and calystegine (isolated from Solanum tuberosum) are tropane alkaloids that have widespread pharmacological use [38, 39], Atropine, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine... 

The situation is different in the case of methyl ecgonine (19) in which the carboxyl carbon of the putative intermediate (25) is retained. Methyl ecgonine isolated from Erythroxylon coca plants is optically active, it is the (-) antipode of (2R,3S) absolute stereochemistry, and for the purposes of this discussion we shall surmise for simplicity that it is optically pure. Cocaine isolated from plants to which rac-[l,2- C2,l- C] -(22) had been supplied shows only one labeling... 

One of the more notorious and abused stimulants is cocaine, a natural product isolated from the South American coca plant, shown in Figure 14.25. Once in the bloodstream, cocaine produces a sense of euphoria and increased stamina. It is also a powerhd local anesthetic when applied topically. Within a few decades of its first isolation from plant material in 1860, cocaine was used as a local anesthetic for eye surgery and dentistry—a practice that stopped once safer local anesthetics were discovered in the early 1900s. 

What does cocaine do in the brain First, it binds to sodium ion channels and blocks them from functioning. This action stops the flow of action potentials and prevents neurons from communicating with each other. Cocaine also blocks the conduction of pain signals, which explains why, after it was isolated from the coca plant ((Erythroxylon coca) in 1855, it was used as a local anesthetic, including for the eye and for toothaches. But ultimately, its anesthetic actions would be discovered to have... 

Cocaine as it is known today—in a synthesized form— was first isolated from the coca plant in 1855 by a German chemist named Albert Niemann. A paste is made from the leaves of the plant. Then this paste is heated with hydrochloric acid to produce cocaine hydrochloride. This is the most common form of cocaine the white powder that is separated into fine lines, a few inches long, and then inhaled into the nose. When it is found in powder form, its purity can be anywhere from zero to 90 percent pure. In the form known as crack or rock, it is generally 25 percent to 40 percent pure. 

The tropane alkaloids represent from pharmaceutical point of view one of the most important groups of alkaloids, on the one hand because of the alkaloids atropine (5) and scopolamine (6), both widely used in pharmacotherapy, and on the other hand because of cocaine, most known for is its abuse as a stimulant. The former two alkaloids are extracted from a variety of Solanaceae, and the latter alkaloid is isolated from the leaves of Erythro-xylon coca. For the plant cell and tissue culture of the latter plant we have not been able to find any literature. For the Solanaceae, however, many studies have been published. Several genera of this family have been studied extensively, for example, Anisodus, Atropa, Datura, Duboisia, Hyoscyamus, and Scopolia. Of these Datura has widely been used as a model system for the development of various techniques in plant cell and tissue culture and for basic studies of cultured plant cells, without reference to alkaloid production. 

It was discovered centuries ago that preparations could be made from certain plants, such as poppies and coca, which, when taken by a human being, serve to deaden pain (are analgesics). From these plants chemists isolated pure substances, morphine and cocaine, which have the pain-deadening property. These substances have, however, an undesirable property, that of inducing a craving for them that sometimes leads to drug... 

Cocaine is an alkaloid present in the leaves of the South American coca plant Erythroxylon coca. It was first isolated in 1880, and soon thereafter its property as a local anesthetic was discovered. Cocaine was introduced into medicine and dentistry in 1884 by two young Viennese physicians, Sigmund Freud and Karl Roller. Unfortunately, the use of cocaine can create a dependence, as Freud himself observed when he used it to wean a colleague from morphine and thereby produced one of the first documented cases of cocaine addiction. 

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