Coca extract

John Styth Pemberton prepared a drink containing extract of coca leaf and caffeine that he termed Coca-Cola. Today, because of drug laws enacted in the early 1900s, coca extract is still used to prepare Coca-Cola, but the cocaine is removed. Cocaine is used medicinally as a local anesthetic, applied topically by some surgeons for nasal, throat, and ear surgery. 

Asa Griggs Chandler, another, more astute pharmacist who saw the potential in Coca-Cola as a soft drink rather than a tonic. In the next 15 years, he made a fortune from the Coca-Cola company and founded what was to become the world s best known multinational. The formula of Coca-Cola has chtmged over the years and the coca extract was removed in the early twentieth century and many decades later caffeine-free versions became available. Competitors produced their own versions of what became known as cola drinks, nearly always containing caffeine and a variety of natural and synthetic flavouring (Figure 2.7). 

Coca extracts were also added to common food items. A popular wine called Vin Mariani was concocted by the chemist Angelo Mariani (1832-1914) in 1863. Marianis Bordeaux mixture used coca leaves. Cocaine from the coca leaves was extracted by the ethanol in the... 

By the mid-19th century the medicinal value of coca began to be more widely recognized in Europe and the United States. Coca extract began to appear in teas, chewing gum, and coca wine, as well as being featured as an ingredient in patent medicines. 

Schedule 2 is intended for drugs that also have a high potential for abuse and for addiction but do have a currently accepted medical use, albeit often a highly restricted one. These drugs include many opiates that are used medically, as well as certain coca extracts. Examples include fentanyl and methadone (the latter being used medically for maintenance of heroin addicts). 

Coca-Cola replaces coca extract (cocaine) with caffeine. 

Food. Coca extract, from which cocaine is removed, is used together with extracts of kola Cola nitida), cinnamon, ginger, lime, orange peel, and others as a flavor component in cola drinks average maximum use level is reported to be 0.02%. Other food products in which the decocainized extract is used include alcoholic beverages, frozen dairy desserts, and candy. The highest average maximum use level is... 

Elavored carbonated beverages, or soft drinks, were developed by apothecaries and chemists in the early nineteenth century by the addition of flavored symps to fountain-dispensed carbonated water. The introduction of proprietary flavors began in the late 1880s. Charles H. Hires introduced his root beer extract in 1876, Vemors s Ginger Ale was marketed by James Vernor in 1880, R. S. La2enby perfected the formula for Dr. Pepper in 1885, and John S. Pemberton developed the formula for Coca-Cola in 1886. Brad s Drink was introduced in 1896 and was later renamed Pepsi-Cola in 1898. 

Cocaine comes from the Coca plant, grown in the high arid, mountainous areas of South America. It is usually extracted from the leaves of the plant but the leaves themselves can be chewed and a smokable paste made from the leaves is mainly used in countries where the plant grows. 

The continuously operated stirred-tank reactor with continuous extraction of the unconverted enantiomer yields an enantiomeric excess of 95%. Afterwards, the unconverted enantiomer is racemized and reused in the synthesis process carried out by Coca Cola. 

Another of the main systemic routes is oral (Table 3.2). Sometimes raw plant material is chewed in order to release the psychoactive compound into the mouth cavity. Examples include the chewing of coca leaves to extract cocaine (Chapter 4) and the tobacco leaf to extract nicotine (Chapter 5). The problem with this is that many other plant chemicals remain in the mouth, and many of these are carcinogenic. Tobacco leaf chewing leads to oral cancers of the mouth, lips, jaw and tongue, often... 

Cocaine A potent psychostimulant with local anaesthetic properties extracted from the South American plant Erythroxylon coca. 

Leaves such as mat6 tea, laurel, and coca contain approximately 80-95% moisture content, so drying is needed. Dry leaves are then ground to reduce their particle size and facilitate the extraction. 

Brachet A, Christen P and Veuthey J. 2002. Focused microwave-assisted extraction of cocaine and ben-zoylecgonine from coca leaves. Phytochem Anal 13(3) 162-169. 

Coca-cola got its name from the coca leaf extract which it contained (as did a variety of wines) until 1904. Neither tolerance nor physical addiction to cocaine seem to occur, so sniffing it occasionally should be quite safe. 

Dissolve 1 g coca paste in 10 ml 3% sulfuric acid, cool to 0° and add with stirring 8 ml 6% KMn04 and 10% sulfuric acid, 1 ml at a time over one hour. Let stand /a hour and add powdered oxalic acid with stirring until the precipitate which has formed dissolves. Extract two times with ether, basify the aqueous solution with NH4OH and extract four times with 18 ml ether. Dry and evaporate in vacuum the ether to get cocaine. The aqueous solution contains ecgonine, which can be converted to cocaine as shown below. 

The coca leaf is either consumed by the natives of South America or exported to other countries for consumption. Another use of the coca leaf is in the extraction of cocaine either for illegitimate or legitimate use. The majority of the legal and/or clandestine cocaine factories are in South America due to the cost and bulk of transporting the whole leaf. In 1961, Bolivia produced an annual crop of from 12,000 to 18,000 tons of leaves although only half reached the legal market. The alkaloid cocaine is extracted from the coca leaf in basically three different chemical procedures. These procedures are used both in licit and illicit labs in the production of cocaine. 

According to a chemist who assisted in the legal manufacture of cocaine, there are three basic methods of extracting cocaine from the coca leaf ... 

The Peruvian coca leaves, because of their richness, are commonly used in the extraction process as described in 1 or 2. When the dried coca leaves have a low cocaine content, the ecgonine process is preferred. Normally, it takes approximately 100 pounds of dried leaves to produce one pound of cocaine. 

Extract cocaine from the dried coca leaves and sell pure cocaine to the wholesaler at a price of 3,000 per kilo realizing a profit of approximately 2,500 per kilo. 

The use of scheduled substances in the illicit manufacture of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, depicted in figures A.I-A.IV below, represents classic production and manufacturing methods. The extraction of cocaine from coca leaf and the purification of coca paste and the crude base products of cocaine and heroin require solvents, acids and bases. A wide range of such chemicals has been used at all stages of drug production. 

Cocaine is extracted from coca leaves (Erythoxylum coca), which grows predominantly in South America and the Far East. Indigenous populations used coca leaves for medicinal and... 

According to the Controlled Substances Act, the term narcotic drug refers to more than just opiate drugs it also includes opium, poppy straw, derivatives of opium and opiates, cocaine, coca leaves, and extracts that contain cocaine and ecgonine (the major metabolite of cocaine) and its derivatives. These may be directly or indirectly produced by extraction from substances, by chemical synthesis, or by a combination of both methods. 

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