Indigenous species

The liabitat of Erythroxylon spp. is principally the western side of Soutl America, and although indigenous species occur in India, Africa anc Australia, they have no economic value. Two kinds of coca leaves ar< available in commerce, Bolivian or Huanuco leaves derived from E. coce Lam. and Peruvian or Truxillo leaves obtained from E. truxillense Rusby both are cultivated in Java. In South America coca leaves are chewee with lime by the Indians as a stimulant, and are exported to Europe foi use in medicine and for the preparation of cocaine, but the prineipal sourc< of coca leaves is Java. Crude cocaine is manufactured in South Americi and exported for refining and some aspects of this industry have beei discussed recently. ... 

Owing to the disturbed state of China in recent years, supplies of Ephedra from that quarter have diminished and for some time were replaced by a drug of Spanish origin and later, as Spain also became involved in civil war, by supplies from India, where attentidn has been given to the five indigenous species E. intermedia Schrenk and Mayer, E. gerardiana Wall, E. nebrodensis Tineo, E. pachyclada Boiss. and E. foliata Boiss., of which the first three are of commercial importance. ... 

Microbial communities can respond to disturbances, such as contamination, in many different ways any of these responses may result in perceived stability or the continuation of essential soil functions [80]. The key species may show resistance to perturbation, meaning that the pollutants have no negative (or positive) effect on them. If the initial reaction is negative but the key species are able to regain their numbers and functionality, the community is said to be resilient. If the key species are irreversibly affected but are replaced by other indigenous species that are able to perform the same task under the new conditions, we see redundancy. Only if all these backup strategies fail will the deleterious effects of contamination on soil functions be observed. 

Threats from the introduction of alien species Alien species hinder isolation, and thus speciation, especially ecological speciation, and replace the indigenous species that regress and often disappear (Gibbons 1996 Tregenza 1999). If the introduction of alien species is massive, major problems may be posed to the diversity of natural products. 

The choice of breeds or strains should favour stock that is well adapted to the local conditions and to the husbandry system intended. Vitality and disease resistance are particularly mentioned, and preference should be given to indigenous species. 

OTA] Office of Technology Assessment. Harmful non-indigenous species in the United States. Washington DC Office of Technology Assessment, US Congress 1993. 

Pimentel D., L. Lach, R. Zuniga, D. Morrison. 2000. Environmental and economic costs of indigenous species in the United States. Bioscience 50 53. 

Should ecological risk assessments be based on toxicity data for indigenous species only, or can existing toxicity data for nonindigenous species be used ... 

Therefore, there is no evidence to support the contention that the ecological risk assessments must necessarily be based on indigenous species and communities, at least when researchers are interested in threshold concentrations of effects. However, these conclusions are based on very limited data sets, and further research is required to establish the extent to which they can be generalized across geographical locations, taxonomic groups, and compounds. 

Surveys of Environmental Impacts. Field survey methods focus on assessing changes in the condition of entire populations and ecological community functions (e.g., pest species proliferation, species diversity, litter decomposition rate, changes in the rate of primary production). These methods under certain circumstances may relate effects to specific pollutant sources, but most frequently they are used to indicate that a problem does exist. A current application of survey methods being developed emphasizes identification of indigenous species to serve as surrogates for a portion of the ecosystem. 

Lavoie, D.M., Smith, L.D. and Ruiz, G.M. (1999) The potential for intracoastal transfer of non-indigenous species in the ballast water of ships. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 48, 551-564. 

Zimmerman, P. R. (1979a). Determination of emission rates of hydrocarbons from indigenous species of vegetation in the Tampa/St. Petersburg, Florida area, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Rep. 90419-77-028. 

In the genus Baccharis there are only reports of simple phenolic derivatives in B. dracunculifolia, an indigenous species throughout the Southeast parts of Latin America, which yielded ten new phenolic glycosides named dracunculifosides A-J, Fig. (51) [75,76],... 

This discovery of diterpenoids in this species roused the interest for the genus, especially of researchers in Canary Islands (Tenerife) and Spain (Madrid and Granada) many indigenous species were collected and studied and a considerable number of papers were published. 

B. Specific drugs and antidotes. Box jellyfish (Chironex fleckeri) antivenin from Australia terminates acute pain and cardiovascular symptoms, prevents tissue effects, and may be located by a regional poison control center (in the United States, [800] 222-1222) for use in severe cases. Local marine biologists can help identify Indigenous species for planning of specific therapy. 

C,sH24, Mr 204.36, oil, bp. 65-70°C (33.3 Pa), [aJo -15.8° (CHCI3). A natural triquinane hydrocarbon with a [3.3.3]propellane structure from Isocoma wrightii (Asteraceae), an indigenous species of south west USA toxic to cattle and sheep, from South African Berkheya species, and the roots of Senecio isatideusK Derivatives of M. show antiproliferative activity. ... 

Is pahn oil currently or ever produced in a sustainable manner This is often the question of many enviromnentalists and the concern of public. Most people are convinced that rapid expansion of oil palm plantation over the years has left irreversible impacts on the environment including aspects such as land deforestation, extinction of several indigenous species and peat land destruction (Tan et al. 2009). Nevertheless, stakeholders and the parties involved intimately in oil pahn plantation and pahn oil production are convinced that these criticisms are baseless and the real scenario has been exaggerated. 

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