Coca shrub

The natives of Pern were learning to ease their physical pains by chewing the leaves of coca shrub (E thro>ylon truxillence, which contain, among... 

Cocaine An alkaloid obtained from the dried leaves of the coca shrub. It is a Schedule I regulated drug with high addiction potential. 

The natives of Peril were learning to ease their physical pains by chewing the leaves of coca shrub (Erytbroxylon tmxillence, "Rushy), which contain, among others, the alkaloid cocaine (11), and European citizens were recognizing other poisons such as coniine (12), from die poison hemlock ( Comum maculatum... 

According to Aeir plant of origin T. a. can be classified as Belladonna (Datura) and Coca alkaloids The Belladonna or Datura type occur in Atropa belladonna, and other members of the SoUmaceae, e.g. thorn apple (Datura spp.) and henbane (Hyoscyamus spp.) their amino alcohol component is tropine. The Coca alkaloids (e.g. cocaine and tropacocaine) are esters of ecgonine and pseudotropine, which, together with other T.a., are found in the coca shrub, Erythroxylum coca, cultivated in Peru and Bolivia, also in Java, and to a limited extent in Sri-Lanka. In all cases the T.a. are accompanied by pyrrolidine bases, e.g. hygrine. 

Cocaine is obtained from the leaves of the coca shrub, Erythroxylon coca (Erythroxylaceae), which is indigenous to South America. Alkaloids present include cocaine, cinnamylcocaine, tropacocaine and valerine. 

The coca shrub Erythroxylon coca) grows wild in Peru, specifically in the Andes Mountains, at elevations of 1,500 to 6,000 feet above sea level. The natives of South America have long chewed these leaves for their stimulant effects. Leaves of the coca shrub have even been foimd in pre-Inca Peruvian burial inns. Chewing the leaves brings about a definite sense of mental and physical well-being and the power to increase endurance. For chewing, the Indians smear the coca leaves with lime and roll them. The lime, Ca(OH)2, apparently releases the free alkaloid components it is remarkable that the Indians learned this subtlety long ago by some empirical means. The pure alkaloid responsible for the properties of the coca leaves is cocaine. 

Ci-,H2,N04. Colourless prisms, m.p. 98°C. Obtained from coca, either by direct purification, or by acid hydrolysis of the mixed alkaloids to ecgonine, which is then methylated and benzoylated. Coca consists of the dried leaves of Eryihroxyluni coca and Erythroxylum iruxillense, shrubs growing in Bolivia and Peru. 

Fifteen of the over 200 species of Erythroxylon produce coca but E. coca and E novogranat-ense now dominate coca production. These two small bushy shrubs grow well in the... 

Cocaine is an alkaloid found in the leaves of Erythroxylon coca, a shrub indigenous to the Andes. For more than 100 years, it has been extracted and used in clinical medicine, mainly as a local anesthetic and to dilate pupils in ophthalmology. Sigmund Freud famously proposed its use to treat depression and alcohol dependence, but addiction quickly brought an end to this idea. 

Coca leaves are obtained from species of Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae), small shrubs native to the Andes region of South America, namely Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. Plants are cultivated there, and in Indonesia. Two main species provide drug materials, Erythroxylum coca (Bolivian or Huanaco coca) and E trvxillense (Peruvian or Truxillo coca). Cultivated plants are kept small by pruning and a quantity of leaves is harvested from each plant three or more times per year. 

The leaves of Erythroxylon coca, the divine plant of the Incas, contain a local anesthetic and a psychostimulant. Erythroxylaceae is a very small family, represented by two genera, the more important of which is Erythroxylon. They are mostly tropical shrubs with entire leaves and 5-merous flowers, and the fruit is a 1-seeded, reddish drupe resembling that of dogwood. The anatomy of the plants of this family closely resembles that of the Linaceae. Of special interest is the development of papillae on the dorsal surface of the leaves. This is found in most species of Erythroxylon. 

The plants are shrubs or small trees that attain a height of about 2 m they are indigenous to Peru (E. truxillense) and Bolivia (E. coca) and are cultivated not only in these countries but also in Indonesia (E. truxillense), and to some extent in Sri Lankan. Erythroxylon is from two Greek words meaning red and wood, alluding to the color of the plants coca is the Spanish name for the tree and truxillense is from Truxillo, a coastal city in northern Peru. 

Cocaine is an alkaloid contained in great amounts in coca leaves and Erythroxylon coca and Erythroxylon novogranatense. Erythroxylon coca is a native shrub of Peru and Bolivia and is now widely cultivated in Central and South America and parts of Asia. The leaves of these plants contain between 0.4 and 2.5 % of alkaloids of which 50-60 % is represented by cocaine. This is a benzyl and methyl ester of ecgonine and is the active ingredient, which determines the psychotropic effects. It was isolated for the first time by the German chemist F. Gaedcke and was later characterized in 1860 by F. Wohler (Fig. 2) only the l form is pharmacologically active. 

Cocaine is the predominant alkaloid present in the leaves of Erythroxylan coca, a shrub of the coca family Erythroxylaceae. These plants, native to South America, are also cultivated in Africa, South Asia, and Australia for the narcotic value of cocaine. 

Coca, a shrub native to the hot, humid valleys of the eastern slopes of the Andes, has been cultivated by the Indians of South America for thousands of years. Today the plant is legal in Peru and Bolivia, where millions of Indians still chew coca leaves every day as a stimulant and medicine. (Coca, by the way, is not related to cocoa.)... 

Cocaine is a naturally occurring alkaloid present in the leaves of the shrub Erythroxylon coca and other species of trees indigenous to Peru and Bolivia. Chemically it is an ester of benzoic acid with a nitrogen-containing base. 

Erythroxylacex or Coca Family.—Shrubs Erythroxylon) or trees with alternate, simple, entire, glabrous and pinnately veined leaves. Flowers regular, hermaphroditic, each with five sepals, five hypogy-nous petals, ten stamens and a two- to three-celled ovary subtend-... 

Cocaine. The coca plant is a small shrub or tree that is indigenous to South America, where for centuries the leaves have been chewed by the local native populations. The dried leaves of Ejythroxylum coca Lamarck, or E. truxillense Rusby, commercially known as Huanuco coca, or Truxillo coca... 

Cocaine is an alkaloid derived from the shrub Erythroxylon coca, which is indigenous to South America, where leaves of the shrub are chewed by the population to obtain antifatigue effects. The main mechanism of action of cocaine is related to blockade of dopamine reuptake by the dopamine transporter, resulting in stimulation of the Di and D2 dopaminergic receptors. 

Cocaine is an alkaloid isolated from the leaves of Erythroxylum coca or Eryth-roxylum novogramtense (Erythroxylaceae). The former shrub grows wild in Bolivia, and the latter grows in Peru. The mean cocaine content of cocaine leaves is said to be 0.7-2.5%, and the cocaine content of the latter species is... 

Cocaine is the benzoic acid ester of the tropane base methylecgonine. Only Erythroxylum coca and Erythroxylum novogranatense, shrubs or small trees native to the Andes, contain substantial amounts of cocaine in their leaves, i.e., up to 1% of their dry mass (Plowman and Rivier, 1983). If the coca leaves are dried or stored improperly, the cocaine content decreases rapidly. The two Erythroxylum species contain also other ecgonine derivatives, e.g., cis- and trans-cinnamoylcocaine and the truxillins, esters of methylecgonine with dimeric cinnamic acid (Fig. 4) (Griffin and Lin, 2000). 

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