Coal water-free

The compositions of reactant flow are Usted in Table 1. The composition A is for the basic reaction test under water-free reaction condition, the composition B is for the reaction test under the influence of water, and the composition C is for the reaction test with the coal-derived synthesis gas. 

Experimental Procedure. The coal and solvent were mixed together and the moisture content of the coal was removed by distillation in glassware at atmospheric pressure. The water-free slurry was then added to AC1 with the stirrer on by applying a vacuum to the system through the vent lines. This insured that the coal did not settle out. The preheater temperature was 200 °C. 

Moisture, which is the water inherently contained within the coal and existing in the coal in its natural state of deposition. It is measnred as the amount of water released when a coal sample is heated at prescribed conditions bnt does not include any free water on the surface of the coal such free water is removed by air-drying the coal sample being tested. 

Water-free (wf) Data are expressed assuming that all moisture has been removed. This is also frequently referred to as dry basis (db). To determine the water-fi ee basis, the coal can be dried at 106 2°C until the weight loss... 

Uses Defoamer, air release agent for unsat. polyester laminating, spray-up, hand lay-up molding, gel coals, solv.-free epoxy flooring systems, coalings Features Prevents air entrapment and porosity silicone-free Properties YIsh. cl. liq., aromatic odor insol. in water sp.gr. 0.89 dens. 7.40 Ib/gal vapor pressure 4 mm Hg (20 C) b.p. 107-185 C flash pt. (Seta CC) 46 C ref index 1.500 44% NV... 

Operating parameters of this German plant, on the basis of one cubic meter of raw gas, iaclude 0.139 m O2, 0.9 kg briquettes, 1.15 kg steam, 1.10 kg feed water, 0.016 kWh, and 1.30 kg gas Hquor produced. Gasifier output is 1850 m /h and gas yield is 1465 m /t dry, ash-free coal. The coal briquettes have a 19% moisture content, 7.8% ash content (dry basis), and ash melting poiat of 1270°C. Thermal efficiency of the gas production process is about 60%, limited by the quaHty and ash melting characteristics of the coal. Overall efficiency from raw coal to finished products is less than 50%. 

Drying Fhiidized-bed units for drying solids, particularly coal, cement, rock, and limestone, are in general acceptance. Economic-considerations make these units particularly attrac tive when large tonnages of solids are to be handled. Fuel requirements are 3.3 to 4.2 MJ/kg (1500 to 1900 Btu/lb of water removed), and total power for blowers, feeders, etc., is about 0.08 kWh/kg of water removed. The maximum-sized feed is 6 cm (IV2 in) X 0 coal. One of the major advantages of this type of dryer is the close control of conditions so that a predeterminea amount of free moisture may be left with the solids to... 

The relationships between specific heat and water content and between specific heat and ash content are hnear. Given the specific heat on a dry, ash-free basis, it can be corrected to an as-received basis. The specific heat and enthalpy of coal to 1366 K (2000°F) are given in Coal Conversion Systems Technical Data Book (part lA, U.S. Dept, of Energy, 1984). 

Peat Peat is partially decomposed plant matter that has accumulated underwater or in a water-saturated environment. It is the precursor of coal but is not classified as coal. Sold under the term peat moss or moss peat, peat is used in the United States mainly for horticultural and agricultural apphcations, but interest is growing in its use as a fuel in certain local areas (e.g.. North Carolina). Peat is used extensively as a fuel primarily in Ireland and the former Soviet Union. Although analyses of peat vary widely, a typical high-grade peat has 90 percent water, 3 percent fixed carbon, 5 percent volatile matter, 1.5 percent ash, and O.IO percent sulfur. The moisture-free heating value is approximately 20.9 MJ/kg (9000 Btu/lb). 

Pure Commercial Benzene, obtained from coal-tai naphtha, should distil w lthin one degiee (80—Si ), and solidify completely when cooled to 0°. Other tests are as follow s shaken with concentrated sulphuric acid for a few minutes, the acid should not darken, and a drop of bromine water should not be immediately decolourised. A single distillation over a few small pieces of sodium, which absorb any traces of water, is usually a sufficient purification. If the benzene impart a brown or black colour to the sulphuric acid, it must be repeatedly shaken with about 20 per cent, of the acid until the lattev becomes only slightly yellow on standing. This is done in a stoppered separating funnel, and after shaking fora few minutes the mixture is allow ed to settle, and the low er layer of acid diawn off. The benzene is then shaken tw o 01 three times with water to free it from acid, carefully separated from the aqueous layer, and left in contact with fused calcium chloride until the liquid becomes clear. It is then decanted, frozen in ice, and any liquid (carbon bisulphide, paraffins) carefully drained off, and die benzene finally distilled over sodium. 

The Fischer-Tropsch process has attracted renewed interest as a way to produce high quality, sulfur-free diesel fuel from natural gas and, possibly, an opportunity to utilize natural gas at remote oilfields. The process represents proven technology and is regarded as an alternative for when oil may no longer be widely available, and one has to resort to natural gas and coal. In a really futuristic scenario one may even contemplate the use of GO and H2 produced by photo-catalytic dissociation of GO2 and water. 

A polymeric composition for reducing fluid loss in drilling muds and well cement compositions is obtained by the free radical-initiated polymerization of a water-soluble vinyl monomer in an aqueous suspension of lignin, modified lignins, lignite, brown coal, and modified brown coal [705,1847]. The vinyl monomers can be methacrylic acid, methacrylamide, hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxypropyl acrylate, vinylacetate, methyl vinyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether, N-methylmethacrylamide, N,N-dimethylmethacrylamide, vinyl sulfonate, and additional AMPS. In this process a grafting process to the coals by chain transfer may occur. 

The ash contains calcium (0.15% of the coal) and sodium (0.18% of the coal). Assume that the calcium reacts to calcium sulfate CaS04 and the sodium to sodium sulfate Na2S04. Assume all the remaining sulfur reacts to S02. Regulations on the flue gas are to be based on a dry gas (free of water vapor) at 0°C and 1 atm. 

Coal Rank Natural Water (wt%) Volatile Matter (Dry, Ash Free) (wt%) Total Carbon (Dry, Ash Free) (wt%) Heat of Combustion (MJ/kg)... 

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