Coal water

Heat Exchangers Using Non-Newtonian Fluids. Most fluids used in the chemical, pharmaceutical, food, and biomedical industries can be classified as non-Newtonian, ie, the viscosity varies with shear rate at a given temperature. In contrast, Newtonian fluids such as water, air, and glycerin have constant viscosities at a given temperature. Examples of non-Newtonian fluids include molten polymer, aqueous polymer solutions, slurries, coal—water mixture, tomato ketchup, soup, mayonnaise, purees, suspension of small particles, blood, etc. Because non-Newtonian fluids ate nonlinear in nature, these ate seldom amenable to analysis by classical mathematical techniques. 

Flocculation. The interaction of the cationic PEIs with anionic substrates leads to substrate flocculation. AppHcations of this property include the coagulation of latex (434), commercial appHcation in effluent treatments (435—437), and stabiHzation of highly loaded coal—water mixtures in mining (438). 

Coal, energy Coal-oil mixtures Coal-water slurry Gas turbine coal fuel Diesel coal fuel Fuel heneficiation, desulfurization... 

Step 4 Define the System Boundaries. This depends on the nature of the unit process and individual unit operations. For example, some processes involve only mass flowthrough. An example is filtration. This unit operation involves only the physical separation of materials (e.g., particulates from air). Hence, we view the filtration equipment as a simple box on the process flow sheet, with one flow input (contaminated air) and two flow outputs (clean air and captured dust). This is an example of a system where no chemical reaction is involved. In contrast, if a chemical reaction is involved, then we must take into consideration the kinetics of the reaction, the stoichiometry of the reaction, and the by-products produced. An example is the combustion of coal in a boiler. On a process flow sheet, coal, water, and energy are the inputs to the box (the furnace), and the outputs are steam, ash, NOj, SOj, and CO2. 

Carbon steels Coal/water. Coal slurry transportation. 

Madgavkar, A. M. Microbiological desulfurization of coal and coal water admixture to provide a desulfurized fuel Patent No. US4861723. 1989, August 29. 

The coal-water mixture fed to the boilers has to be formulated to a certain specification. This is done with the proper inclusion of additives to facilitate combustion. The recommended additives include a petroleum-based surfactant (polysulfones or polycar-boxylates), a stabilizing (e.g. xanthan gum), a biocide and an anti-foaming agent (such as a silicone base). 

The inputs considered are coal, water, and oxygen. Hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide are considered as products. The variables a, b, c, and d represent the amounts of the various components required/produced. Figure 17.1 shows a schematic of the process that is being considered. 

In Piotrkow, Szpilfogel had formed a company called "Wola" which began to sift the Polish earth. While the Farben scientists were still trying to conquer coal, water, and air as raw materials, Szpilfogel was making yeast, alcohols, and dextrose from potatoes. He became the first chemist in Europe with a dyestufFs-and-drugs business independent of the outside world. 

These "discoveries" were to include old but impracticable processes if new know-how were discovered. Buna rubber—made from coal, water, and air—was not yet produced on a commercial scale. Therefore, the whole deal would be less unequal, because Standard at least had a stake in the development of buna. Farben agreed to turn into the pool each new improvement so that Standard could also make, improve, and sell buna rubber at will. 

Fitzgerald, F.D., Viscometric properties of an ultra-fine coal-water suspension, Ph.D. thesis, UMIST (1990). 

Figure 2.8. Schematic of Parker Hannifin atomizer designed for atomizing coal-water slurries and other difficult-to-atomize liquids. (Courtesy of Parker Hannifin Corporation, USA.)...

The Destec entrained bed gasifier is fed both a coal water slurry (stream 1) and a 95% pure... 

Gaitan E, Cooksey RC, Legan J, Cruse JM, Lindsay RH, Hill J (1993) Antithyroid and goitrogenic effects of coal-water extracts from iodine-sufficient goiter areas. Thyroid 3 49-53... 

This textile fiber is the first man-made organic textile fiber prepared wholly from new material from the mineral kingdom. Though wholly fabricated from such common raw material as coal, water, and air, nylon can be fashioned into filaments as strong as steel, as fine as spider s web, yet more elastic than any of the common natural fibers. 

A generalized scheme of the Sasol process is illustrated in Figure 1. The basic raw materials are coal, water and air. The plant is a complex operation consisting of many interlinked processes. This complexity is, however, not an important factor in the economics when it is borne in mind that the main cost is the production of synthesis gas, which accounts for over 50 % of the total. 

For each policy specification, the technology matrix of the integrated industry model is transformed from the productive structure existing before the policy change to the productive structure existing after the policy change. This structural transformation is the master key to identifying the economic demands and supplies of the industries modeled. Identification is necessary to soundly estimate (1) the economic demands for crude oil, natural gas, coal, water, and capital (2) the economic costs of pollution control for major water and air pollutants and (3) the economic supplies of the endproducts in the model. 

Coal-water slurry transport has been most thoroughly investigated and implemented. One of the earliest lines was 108 miles long, 10 in. dia, 50-60 wt % solids up to 14 mesh, at velocities of 4.5-5.25 ft/sec, with positive displacement pumps at 30-mile intervals. The longest line in the United States is 273 miles, 18 in. dia and handles 4.8-6.0 million tons/yr of coal it is described in detail by Jacques and Montfort (1977). Other slurry pipeline literature is by Wasp, Thompson, and Snoek (1971), Bain and Bonnington (1970), Ewing (1978), and Zandi (1971). 

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