Coal-fired power plants development

Bugge X, Kjser S., Blum R. High-efficiency coal-fired power plants development and perspectives . Energy, 31(10-11), 1437-1445, 2006, doi 10.1016/j. e nergy.2005.05.025. 

Bayer MaterialScience (Germany) in the Project "Dream Production" combines part of waste streams of coal-fired power plants, CO2, with the production of polymers. The target is the design and development of a technical process able to produce C02-based polyether polycarbonate polyols on a large scale. The first step was to convert the C02 in new polyols, and these polyols showed similar properties such as products already on the market and can be processed in conventional plans as well (Figure 22). 

In summary, coal-fired power plants appear not to be the major source of most enriched elements on particles In urban areas, despite the great attention devoted to mechanisms by which those elements become preferentially attached to fine particles (e.g.. Refs. 18, 34). However, the detailed studies of processes In coal-fired plants are of considerable value, as the fundamentals should be applicable to other kinds of combustion sources. Furthermore, It may be necessary to use this fundamental approach to develop methods for predicting the source compositions for coal-fired power plants that have not been measured. Selenium Is much... 

While the development of flue gas clean-up processes has been progressing for many years, a satisfactory process is not yet available. Lime/limestone wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) scrubber is the most widely used process in the utility industry at present, owing to the fact that it is the most technically developed and generally the most economically attractive. In spite of this, it is expensive and accounts for about 25-35% of the capital and operating costs of a power plant. Techniques for the post combustion control of nitrogen oxides emissions have not been developed as extensively as those for control of sulfur dioxide emissions. Several approaches have been proposed. Among these, ammonia-based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) has received the most attention. But, SCR may not be suitable for U.S. coal-fired power plants because of reliability concerns and other unresolved technical issues (1). These include uncertain catalyst life, water disposal requirements, and the effects of ammonia by-products on plant components downstream from the reactor. The sensitivity of SCR processes to the cost of NH3 is also the subject of some concern. 

Using both a hybrid receptor model, developed by Lewis and Stevens ( 2) and modified by Gordon and Olmez (3), and a simple model of emission from the Ohio River Valley, we compare the results of the College Park (CP) samples as well as those of another continuous set of samples taken from July 3-29, 1983 at Wallops Island, VA (WI), to predicted results. Single-source differential equations (2) are used to describe the time-varying concentrations of SO2, SO and a particulate element characteristic of coal-fired power plant emissions (chosen here as Se). An additional equation (3) can be added to describe the concentration variation of B(0H)3 The following rate constants apply to the concentrations of the four species in question ... 

Terman, G. L. 1978. Solid Wastes from Coal-Fired Power Plants—Use of Disposal on Agricultural Lands. National Fertilization Development Center, Muscle Shoals, AL. 

The production of renewable energy in the electricity sector should be considered in relation to the privatisation of the electricity production and distribution companies and the liberalisation of the electricity market in the Netherlands and for a large part in Europe. Despite this uncertain future a large number of initiatives and projects have been developed to increase the production of renewable electricity and heat in the coal-fired power plants in the Netherlands. 

In case of power-generating installations, the allocation of allowances at a level lower than their market development potential creates in practice a strong barrier to development. The purchase of additional allowances to enable higher production in coal-fired power plants means the growth of marginal production costs by more than 50% and cannot be compensated by the higher efficiency of that producer. 

If this development continues, there is little doubt that more regional problems will appear. Incidents of "red tide" are reported from the North Sea area. This is an over-growth of toxic algae which follows excessive deposition of nitrates by precipitation and kills the fish. Watersoluble mercury compounds in the atmosphere, partly due to emissions from coal-fired power plants and partly due to an oxidation of the natural mercury vapour, have resulted in a serious contamination of freshwater fish in Scandinavia. Already fish from many lakes cannot be marketed in Sweden, because the mercury content exceeds 1 mg/kg. 

Linnerud, Kaspersen, and Jaeger (1998) developed near-lR TDL systems employing WMS that they applied to various industrial environments, including sensors for O2, CO, and HCl in a waste incinerator, a sensor for HF in an aluminum smelter, and a sensor for NH3 in a coal-fired power plant. Temperature was measured independently using conventional sensors so that the linestrengths could be corrected. Also, they noted that the WMS method they used was susceptible to errors due to line broadening. Nevertheless, they have... 

Details of four TDL sensors capable of measuring combustion gas temperatures in full-scale industrial facilities are presented here. The first system was developed by Air Liquide, and was tested successfully in a number of industrial applications including, most notably, an EAF environment. A second instrument is the LTS-100 Laser Temperature Sensor developed by MetroLaser, Inc. and Bergmans Mechatronics LLC, which was tested in a glass plant, an ethylene cracking furnace simulator, and two coal-fired power plants. Third is a prototype... 

Although CAIR is a favorable development in clean air regulation, EPA s recently announced mercury regulations represent a step backwards on existing air toxic provisions of the Clean Air Act. Each year, uncontrolled coal-fired power plants in the United States emit nearly 50 tons of mercury to the air in addition to an estimated 33 tons disposed of in the waste left over after power plants bum coal. In 1997, the U.S. EPA estimated that coal-fired power plants accounted for about 33% of all U.S. emissions, with municipal, medical and hazardous waste combustors accounting for another 33% combined. 

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