Particulate elements

Hamilton RS, Mansfield TA (1990) Airborne particulate elemental carbon its sources, transport and contribution to dark smoke and soiling. Atmos Environ 25 715-723... 

Particulate elemental phosphorus also reacts at most environmental pressures and at... 

To evaluate the net riverine influx of dissolved species to the ocean, the river load has to be corrected for sea salts transported via the atmosphere from the ocean to the continents and rained out mainly in coastal precipitation. Table 9.7 shows the average concentration of selected dissolved and particulate elements in rivers from Martin and Meybeck (1979), and the corresponding net fluxes corrected for sea-salt cycling from Martin and Meybeck (1979). The corrections of fluxes for cyclic salts and pollution are still debatable estimates (e.g., Holland, 1978 Maynard, 1981), and affect mainly the evaluation of the net flux of Na+ by perhaps as much as 20%. 

Using both a hybrid receptor model, developed by Lewis and Stevens ( 2) and modified by Gordon and Olmez (3), and a simple model of emission from the Ohio River Valley, we compare the results of the College Park (CP) samples as well as those of another continuous set of samples taken from July 3-29, 1983 at Wallops Island, VA (WI), to predicted results. Single-source differential equations (2) are used to describe the time-varying concentrations of SO2, SO and a particulate element characteristic of coal-fired power plant emissions (chosen here as Se). An additional equation (3) can be added to describe the concentration variation of B(0H)3 The following rate constants apply to the concentrations of the four species in question ... 

Laursen K. K., Ferek R. J., and Hobbs P. V. (1992) Emission factors for particulates, elemental carbon, and trace gases from the Kuwait oil fires. J. Geophys. Res. 97,14491 -14497. 

Particulate Calcium in WCR 82-B. Calcium is a major component of particulate matter and occurs largely as calcite (5). Most particulate Ca is small and is predominantly present in 10-20-jLtm sized coccolithophores in surface waters and in 1-5- im sized coccoliths below the euphotic zone (5). Individual coccoliths sink only fractions of a meter per day (2, 5). Hence, the <53-fim Ca concentration in waters below 100 m would be expected to show the least temporal variability of all particulate elements sampled. For this reason, Ca data from below 100 m was used for comparison of samples collected with GF and MQ filters and by the LVFS and MULVFS. 

Wolff, G. T. (1981) Particulate elemental carbon in the atmosphere, J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 31, 935-938. 

Raj A, Williams GP, Hawksworth NR. Ulcerative keratitis following particulate elemental gold deposition. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther... 

This enzyme catalyzes the reversible dehydrogenation of L-/3-hydroxy-butyric acid to acetoacetic acid. It is present in liver, " kidney, and heart. This enzyme is associated with the particulate elements of the cytoplasm (mitochondria). As indicated in the following reactions, the enzyme is linked to DPN,... 

To examine a sample by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) or inductively coupled plasma atomic-emission spectroscopy (ICP/AES) the sample must be transported into the flame of a plasma torch. Once in the flame, sample molecules are literally ripped apart to form ions of their constituent elements. These fragmentation and ionization processes are described in Chapters 6 and 14. To introduce samples into the center of the (plasma) flame, they must be transported there as gases, as finely dispersed droplets of a solution, or as fine particulate matter. The various methods of sample introduction are described here in three parts — A, B, and C Chapters 15, 16, and 17 — to cover gases, solutions (liquids), and solids. Some types of sample inlets are multipurpose and can be used with gases and liquids or with liquids and solids, but others have been designed specifically for only one kind of analysis. However, the principles governing the operation of inlet systems fall into a small number of categories. This chapter discusses specifically substances that are normally liquids at ambient temperatures. This sort of inlet is the commonest in analytical work. 

Receptor models are powerful tools for source apportionment of particulates because a vast amount of particulate species characterization data have been collected at many sampling sites worldwide, and because many aerosol species are primary pollutants. Most of the information available is for elemental concentrations, eg, lead, nickel, and alurninum, although more recent measurements have provided data on concentrations of ionic species and carbonaceous compounds. At a sampling (or receptor) site, the aerosol mass concentration of each species i is... 

The cooled syngas from any of the TCGP modes is then routed to a water scmbber to remove particulates. The gas is cooled further and is passed through an absorber that removes nearly all the sulfur, mainly H2S, in the gas. Valuable elemental sulfur is produced from the H2S stream. Normally 97—99% of the sulfur entering the TCGP in the coal is recovered as salable elemental sulfur (12). 

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