CNS disturbances

Reye syndrome is a rare disorder in children, characterized by a combination of severe liver disorder and encephalopathy (central nervous system (CNS) disturbances) that can follow an acute viral illness and which has a relatively high mortality. It has been found to be... 

Can cause CNS disturbances Dieldrin is persistent and highly toxic to animals... 

TBW depletion (often referred to as dehydration ) is typically a more gradual, chronic problem compared to ECF depletion. Because TBW depletion represents a loss of hypotonic fluid (proportionally more water is lost than sodium) from all body compartments, a primary disturbance of osmolality is usually seen. The signs and symptoms of TBW depletion include CNS disturbances (mental status changes, seizures, and coma), excessive thirst, dry mucous membranes, decreased skin turgor, elevated serum sodium, increased plasma osmolality, concentrated urine, and acute weight loss. Common causes of TBW depletion include insufficient oral intake, excessive insensible losses, diabetes insipidus, excessive osmotic diuresis, and impaired renal concentrating mechanisms. Long-term care residents are frequently admitted to the acute care hospital with TBW depletion secondary to lack of adequate oral intake, often with concurrent excessive insensible losses. 

Japanese infants poisoned (128 deaths) from consumption of dry milk contaminated with arsenic average exposure of 3.5 mg As daily for 1 month. Severe hearing loss, brain wave abnormalities, and other CNS disturbances noted 15 years after exposure... 

Signs of intoxication are (1) cardiac arrhythmias, which under certain circumstances are life-threatening, e.g., sinus bradycardia, AV-block, ventricular extrasystoles, ventricular fibrillation (ECG) (2) CNS disturbances — altered color vision (xanthopsia), agitation, confusion, nightmares, hallucinations (3) gastrointestinal — anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea (4) renal — loss of electrolytes and water, which must be differentiated from mobilization of accumulated edema fluid that occurs with therapeutic dosage. 

Inhalation of concentrations in the range of 5000-20,OOOppm have been used to produce light anesthesia. Recovery from unconsciousness is usually uneventful, but ventricular arrhythmias and death from cardiac arrest have occurred rarely. Exposure of volunteers to 500-1000 ppm has resulted in some symptoms of CNS disturbance such as dizziness, lightheadedness, lethargy, and impairment in visual-motor response tests. In general, no significant signs of toxicity or impaired performance have been noted in subjects acutely exposed to 300 ppm or less. 

Sedation is the most common adverse effect of metyrosine. Other CNS disturbances, such as anxiety, confusion, and disorientation, have also been reported. Symptoms of sympathetic nervous system depression in general, such as nasal congestion and dryness of mouth, can also occur. 

Serious adverse effects are rare except in AIDS patients. TMP-SMX can cause the same adverse effects as those associated with sulfonamide administration, including skin rashes, central nervous system (CNS) disturbances, and blood dyscrasias. Blood dyscrasias, hepatotoxicity, and skin rashes are particularly common in patients with AIDS. Most of the adverse effects of this combination are due to the sulfamethoxazole component. Trimethoprim may increase the hematological toxicity of sulfamethoxazole. Long-term use of trimethoprim in persons with borderline foUc acid deficiency, such as alcoholics and the malnourished, may result in megaloblastic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and granulocytopenia. 

While its detailed mechanism of action is unknown, it is an effective blood schizonticide that is, it acts against the form of the parasite responsible for chnical symptoms. Orally administered mefloquine is well absorbed and has an absorption half-hfe of about 2 hours the elimination half-hfe is 2 to 3 weeks. Among its side effects are vertigo, visual alterations, vomiting, and such CNS disturbances as psychosis, hallucinations, confusion, anxiety, and depression. It should not be used concurrently with compounds known to alter cardiac conduction or prophylactically in patients operating dangerous machinery. It should not used to treat severe malaria, as there is no intravenous formulation. 

Interferon gamma-1 b may exacerbate preexisting CNS disturbances, including decreased mental status, gait disturbance, and dizziness, as well as cardiacdisorders. 

Observe the patient for CNS disturbances, including disorientation, incoordination, mood changes, and restlessness... 

Tolerance, physical dependence and addiction are possible with the benzodiazepines but less likely to occur than with barbiturates. In general this class of compounds does not cause induction. The potential for suicide is also lessened with these compounds. It has been estimated that physical dependence occurs in one person out of five million. Withdrawal symptoms are real but usually not life-threatening (fatigue due to REM rebound, dizziness, CNS disturbances). In general, benzodiazepines do not cause induction. 

The primary adverse effects associated with amantadine are orthostatic hypotension, CNS disturbance (e.g., depression, confusion, hallucinations), and patches of skin discoloration on the lower extremities (livedo reticularis). However, these side effects are relatively mild compared to those of other anti-Parkinson drugs and are usually reversed by altering the drug dosage. 

Adverse Effects. The most serious problems associated with ganciclovir include anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, and related hematologic disorders. Ganciclovir may also cause gastrointestinal disturbances (nausea, loss of appetite) and CNS disturbances (mood changes, nervousness, tremor). 

Adverse Effects. The primary problems associated with systemic administration of vidarabine include gastrointestinal distress (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea) and CNS disturbances (dizziness, hallucinations, mood changes). Ophthalmic application may produce local irritation (itching, redness, swelling) in some individuals. 

A variety of industrial materials, including metallic compounds (both organic and inorganic), are produced by multiple anthropogenic activities. Because of the manner of use and disposal, these often reach the environment and cause a plethora of potential health hazards.4 Of the above symptoms, the risk for CNS disturbances in a child s development or in the human adult has gained importance. Information concerning different metals (e.g., arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, many other compounds) and their possible carcinogenicity has been documented as a national priority in the literature (Table 3-1).6-1011... 

Inhalation of the dust or aerosol preparation of azinphos-methyl may cause wheezing, tightness in the chest, blurred vision, and tearing of the eyes. Eye contact with concentrated solutions of azinphos-methyl can be life-threatening. Exposed animals and humans demonstrate respiratory difficulties, gastrointestinal problems, and CNS disturbances. 

Vomiting, diarrhea, headache, nausea, eye pain, CNS disturbance, swollen gums, and loose teeth Cyanosis due to methemoglobinemia, slight narcosis,... 

Burning skin, eye pain, cough, CNS disturbance, and teratogenesis Narcosis, liver and kidney damage, and eye and respiratory irritation Abdominal pain, vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, neuropathy, visual problems, muscle weakness, and ataxia Cancer... 

Adverse effects Pilocarpine can enter the brain and cause CNS disturbances. It stimulates profuse sweating and salivation. 

Cycloserine This orally effective tuberculostatic agent appears to antagonize the steps in bacterial cell wall synthesis involving D-alanine. It distributes well throughout body fluids, including the CSF. Cycloserine [sye kloe SER een] is metabolized, and both parent and metabolite are excreted in urine. Accumulation occurs with renal insufficiency. Adverse effects involve CNS disturbances epileptic seizure activity may be exacerbated. Peripheral neuropathies are also a problem. 

Cardioacceleration. Ipratropium is used in bradycardia and AV-block, respectively, to raise heart rate and to facilitate cardiac impulse conduction. As a quaternary substance, it does not penetrate into the brain, which greatly reduces the risk of CNS disturbances (see below). However, it is also poorly absorbed from the gut (absorption rate < 30%). To achieve adequate levels in the blood, it must be given in significantly higher dosage than needed parenterally. 

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