Edema fluid

Diuretics are one of the dmg categories most frequendy prescribed. The principal uses of diuretics are for the treatment of hypertension, congestive heart failure, and mobilization of edema fluid in renal failure, fiver cirrhosis, and ascites. Other applications include the treatment of glaucoma and hypercalcemia, as well as the alkafinization of urine to prevent cystine and uric acid kidney stones. 

Edema Edema is an abnormal accumulation of body fluid in tissues. An edema can be as trivial as a blister on your thumb, as life-threatening as a constriction of your airway. As in real estate, the three factors that determine the dangers associated with an edema are location, location, location. Exposure to toxic chemicals can cause a variety of edemas. Pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs) is particularly dangerous, if not treated. Be sure to avoid inhalation of chemicals whenever possible and to use proper protective measures, as suggested on the MSDS (fume hoods, respirators, etc.). 

Edema, fluid and electrolyte imbalance, headache, blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, urinary retention Headache, nausea, vomiting, fluid and electrolyte imbalance, syncope... 

Patients may develop edema, fluid overload, and oliguria that may progress to anuria with acute renal failure. 

M29. Miller, E. J., Cohen, A. B and Matthay, M. A., Increased interleukin-8 concentrations in the pulmonary edema fluid of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome from sepsis. Crit. Care Med. 24, 1448-1454 (1996). 

Potassium-sparing diuretics are often coadministered with thiazide or loop diuretics in the treatment of edema and hypertension. In this way, edema fluid is lost to the urine while K+ ion balance is better maintained. The aldosterone antagonists are particularly useful in the treatment of primary hyperaldosteronism. 

Signs of intoxication are (1) cardiac arrhythmias, which under certain circumstances are life-threatening, e.g., sinus bradycardia, AV-block, ventricular extrasystoles, ventricular fibrillation (ECG) (2) CNS disturbances — altered color vision (xanthopsia), agitation, confusion, nightmares, hallucinations (3) gastrointestinal — anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea (4) renal — loss of electrolytes and water, which must be differentiated from mobilization of accumulated edema fluid that occurs with therapeutic dosage. 

Cardiovascular CHF] hypotension hypertension (ketorolac) palpitations arrhythmias tachycardia vasodilation peripheral edema fluid retention. 

Since the effectiveness of many diuretics ultimately depends on establishing a negative Na balance to mobilize edema fluid, restriction of dietary Na intake is generally an essential part of diuretic therapy. Therefore, one cause of therapeutic failure or apparent patient refractoriness to diuretics could be the patient s continued ingestion of large quantities of NaCl. 

Excessively vigorous diuresis may lead to intravascular dehydration before removal of edema fluid from the rest of the extracellular compartment. This is especially dangerous if the patient has significant liver or kidney... 

Table 1.13. Most diuretics are designed to deal with conditions of edema by reducing the reabsorption of chlorides, sodium, and water as these are the major constituents of edema fluid. Diuretics are grouped into five main categories loop diuretics, thiazides, potassium-sparing diuretics, osmotic diuretics, and carbonic...

Digitalis produces diuresis in CHF patients, it increases excretion of sodium and water by the kidney which may be due to decrease in the venous pressure bringing about shifting of edema fluid into the circulation and also improves the renal circulation. 

Edema The high ceiling diuretics are effective for the treatment of edema of cardiac, hepatic or renal origin. They are the drug of choice in case of congestive heart failure. These are preferred initially in all cases for rapid mobilization of edema fluid. 

The most common reason for diuretic use is for reduction of peripheral or pulmonary edema that has accumulated as a result of cardiac, renal, or vascular diseases, or abnormalities in the blood oncotic pressure. Salt and water retention with edema formation often occurs when diminished blood delivery to the kidney is sensed as insufficient "effective" arterial blood volume. Judicious use of diuretics can mobilize interstitial edema fluid without significant reductions in plasma volume. However, excessive diuretic therapy in this setting may lead to further compromise of the effective arterial blood volume with reduction in perfusion of vital organs. Therefore, the use of diuretics to mobilize edema requires careful monitoring of the patient s hemodynamic status and an understanding of the pathophysiology of the underlying condition. 

The general effect of particulates is to cause fluid release and inflammation, preventing gas exchange. Inflammation of the terminal bronchioles can result in complete blockage. Edema fluid... 

A greater degree of inflammation can lead to permanent lung damage or death. The respiratory bronchioles become obliterated (bronchiolitis obliterans), the alveoli are filled with proteinaceous edema fluid (heavy, wet lungs), and the inflammatory process can turn into interstitial fibrosis. 

Mudge GH. Dimetics and other agents employed in the mobi-Uzation of edema fluid. In Gilman AG, Goodman LS, Gilman A, et al., eds. The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. New York Macmillan, 1980 896-899. 

Wilson et al. (39) isolated the toxin, perilla ketone, which causes pulmonary edema (fluid in the lung cavity) in many animal species, although not in pigs and dogs (40). In Japan, 20-50% of long-term workers in the perilla industry developed dermatitis on their hands because of contact with perillaldehyde (41). Small amounts of these components have been detected in perilla oil where it works as an efficient antioxidant. 

One of the manifestations of generalized or localized pretibial myxedema is a pronounced edema of the corium, with accumulation of mucinous material in the edema fluid. Both hyaluronic acid and a sulfated mucopolysaccharide fraction were isolated in increased quantity from the affected area of the skin of a patient with localized pretibial myxedema (Wl). Following this observation, the relationship between the functional status of the thyroid gland and the mucopolysaccharides of skin has been discussed in numerous publications. Analysis of the acid mucopolysaccharides of human skin has revealed the presence of dermatan sulfate, hyaluronic acid, and a small amount of chondroitin 4- or 6-sulfate (L9). 

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