Soya lecithin

Soya lecithin is a natural product which contains about 34% glycerides (soya oil), 5% sugars, and 61% phosphatides. The phosphatides in turn are comprised of phosphatidyl choline, i.e., chemical lecithin (20%), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (20%), and phosphatidyl inositol (21%). 

The chromatogram of the commercial soya lecithin as shown in Figure 4 suggests a number of components and all subsequent work was done with the ethanol-soluble fraction, i.e., phosphatidyl choline, or the ethanol-insoluble fraction, comprised primarily of other phosphatides. 

Figure 4. GPC chromatograms of commercial soya lecithin (solvent THF columns 2 X G2000H Toyo Soda flow rate 1.96 mL/min injection 50 pJL X 75 mg/mL (---------------) 254 nm detection, 0.2 abs. units full-scale)...

Figure 5. GPC chromatograms of phosphatidyl choline fraction of soya lecithin (conditions same as for Figure 4 except injection volume 50-250 pJL)...

Figure 7. Effect of sample size on apparent molecular weight for soya lecithin phosphatide fractions (conditions same as for Figures 5 and 6 (O) ethanol-soluble fraction (phosphatidyl choline), oligomer GPC (%) ethanol-soluble fraction (phosphatidyl choline), "main column (l ) ethanol-insoluble fraction (other phos-p hat ides), "oligomer GPC (A) ethanol-insoluble fraction (other phosphatides),...

Ipratropium Atrovent HFA, Atrovent Nasal) [Bronchodilotor/ Anticholinergic] Uses Bronchospasm w/ COPD, rhinitis, rhinorrhea Action Synthetic anticholinergic similar to atropine antagonizes acetylcholine receptors, inhibits mucous gland secretions Dose Adults Feds >12 y. Nebuliza-tion 500 meg in 2.5-3.0 mL NS Feds. Nebulization 125-250 meg in 2.5-3.0 mL NS Caution [B, +/-] w/ inhal insulin Contra Allergy to soya lecithin/related foods Disp HFAmet-dose inhal 18 meg/dose inhal soln 0.02% nasal spray 0.03,... 

Contraindications History of hypersensitivity to atropine, soya lecithin, or related food products such as soybean and peanut... 

Campanellae al. [92] Lecithin Soya seed flour, soya seed oil, ground soya seed oil, ground maize germ oil, milk chocolate, soya lecithin in gel capsules, soya lecithin in tablets Phospholipase D and choline oxidase/both immobilised in kappa-carrageenan gel or in dialysis membrane Amperometric gas diffusion electrode for oxygen ... 

Cmde oils generally contain phospholipids that are removed during the degum-ming stage of refining as a crude mixture (lecithin). This valuable product is the basis of the phospholipid industry, and phospholipids are used extensively in food products, in animal feeds, and in industrial processes. The major members are phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, and phosphatidylinositols and are accompanied by smaller proportions of other phospholipids. Soybean oil (3.2%), rapeseed oil (2.5%), and sunflower seed oil (1.5%) contain the proportions of total phospholipids indicated in parentheses and are the main sources of commercial lecithins, especially soya lecithin. Palm oil contains little or no phospholipids (7-9). 

Tetrafluoroethane is a hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) or hydro-fluoroalkane (HFA) aerosol propellant (contains hydrogen, fluorine, and carbon) as contrasted to a CFC (chlorine, fluorine, and carbon). The lack of chlorine in the molecule and the presence of hydrogen reduces the ozone depletion activity to practically zero. Hence tetrafluoroethane can be considered as an alternative to CFCs in the formulation of metered-dose inhalers (MDIs). It has replaced CFC-12 as a refrigerant since it has essentially the same vapor pressure. Its very low Kauri-butanol value and solubility parameter indicate that it is not a good solvent for the commonly used surfactants for MDIs. Sorbitan trioleate, sorbitan sesquioleate, oleic acid, and soya lecithin show limited solubility in tetrafluoroethane and the amount of surfactant that actually dissolves may not be sufficient to keep a drug readily dispersed. 

Work in bioorganometallic research was initiated by Madden and Quinn in 1978 [169, 170], considerably later than purely chemical applications, thus proving that chemistry in this field was started earlier than biochemistry, and not vice versa as often stated. The hydrogenation activity of the catalyst RhCl(TPPMS)3 on phosphatidyl choline from soya lecithin was determined for... 

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been separated by MEKC using a double alkyl chain di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate as anionic micellar pseudostationary phase. Phospholipids have been separated from soya lecithins by MEKC, deoxycholic acid being used for micelle formation. Separation was tested according to solvent polarity and column temperature, with a high n-propanol concentration and a column temperature of 15 °C being ideal. Online MEKC/MS with electrospray ionisation, and atmospheric-pressure Cl, interfaces have been used in the separation and detection of standard compounds, including tetraphenylphosphonium chloride. ... 

Surfactants were one excipient family which required reevaluation in HFAs. Surfactants are used in MDIs for several reasons seal lubrication, emulsification, dispersion, solubilization, and as a preservative. Surfactants used in GFG formulations such as lecithin, sorbitan trioleate, soya lecithin, and oleic acid are highly soluble in GFG propellants (particularly GFG 11), however in HFA propellants, the solubility of these surfactants is relatively poor. Several authors point out that surfactant polarity, indicated by their respective hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) correlates with the incompatibility of the aforementioned surfactants... 

Figure 13 Basic schematic of laboratory-scale jet extractor system. PRV = pressure regulating valve T = flow totalizer, (b) Details of jet extractor for deoiling soya lecithin. BPRV = back-pressure regulating valve T-flow totalizer.

Fig. 2 Hydrogenation of multilamellar dispersions (o) and single bilayer vesicles ( ) of soya lecithin in the presence of the sulfonated derivative of Wilkinson s catalyst [22],...

Actiflo . [Central Soya] Lecithin emul-sifler, wetting agent dispersant for food industry applies. 

Centrocap . [Central Soya] Lecithin natural emulsifier. 

Chocotop. [Lucas Meyer] Fractioiiated soya lecithins natural vise, reducing agents esp. for chocolate mfg. 

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