Glycerol industrial

Enzymatic transesterification is under investigation [287, 288], but the cost of lipase production is the main hurdle for commercialization. Intracellular lipase as a vhole cell biocatalyst could lo ver the lipase production cost. Another problem is ho v to maintain lipase activity in the presence of a high concentration of methanol and glycerol. Industrialization is under investigation, but still not realized. 

According to A. B. Adams the production of glycerol industrially divides itself into three important parts ... 

Hexanetriol, is used in a variety of pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry appHcations and is currendy viewed as an alternative to glycerol as... 

Commercial production and consumption of glycerol has generaHy been considered a fair barometer of industrial activity, as it enters into such a large number of industrial processes. It generaHy tends to rise in periods of prosperity and faH in recession times. 

Glycerol is used in nearly every industry. The largest single use is in dmgs and oral care products including toothpaste, mouthwash, and oral rinses (Table 3). Its use in tobacco processing and urethane foams remains at a fairly even consumption level. Use in foods and cosmetics is growing. 

The main industrial uses of petoxycatboxyhc acids ate in the manufacture of epoxides, synthetic glycerol (qv), and epoxy resins (qv) (165,167,168). They also have been used as disinfectants (177), fungicides, and bleaching agents and for shrink-proofing wool (34). 

The structure of these products is uncertain and probably depends on pH and concentrations in solution. The hydroxyl or carboxyl or both are bonded to the titanium. It is likely that most, if not all, of these products are oligomeric in nature, containing Ti—O—Ti titanoxane bonds (81). Thek aqueous solutions are stable at acidic or neutral pH. However, at pH ranges above 9.0, the solutions readily hydroly2e to form insoluble hydrated oxides of titanium. The alkaline stabiUty of these complexes can be improved by the addition of a polyol such as glycerol or sorbitol (83). These solutions are useful in the textile, leather (qv), and cosmetics (qv) industries (see Textiles). 

Addition to the Double Bond. Chlorine, bromine, and iodine react with aHyl chloride at temperatures below the inception of the substitution reaction to produce the 1,2,3-trihaLides. High temperature halogenation by a free-radical mechanism leads to unsaturated dihalides CH2=CHCHC1X. Hypochlorous and hypobromous acids add to form glycerol dihalohydrins, principally the 2,3-dihalo isomer. Dehydrohalogenation with alkah to epicbl orobydrin [106-89-8] is ofgreat industrial importance. 

The following are some of the typical industrial applications for liquid-phase carbon adsorption. Generally liquid-phase carbon adsorbents are used to decolorize or purify liquids, solutions, and liquefiable materials such as waxes. Specific industrial applications include the decolorization of sugar syrups the removal of sulfurous, phenolic, and hydrocarbon contaminants from wastewater the purification of various aqueous solutions of acids, alkalies, amines, glycols, salts, gelatin, vinegar, fruit juices, pectin, glycerol, and alcoholic spirits dechlorination the removal of... 

Allyl alcohol is used in the plasticizer industry, as a chemical intermediate, and in the production of glycerol. 

Media used for laboratory studies of exopolysaccharide production may vary considerably from industrial production media. In laboratory studies pure substrates such as glucose, sucrose and glycerol, can be used to determine exopolysaccharide yields. In industrial production the main factors that influence the decision as to which substrate to use are ... 

Preparation. A continuous process is described in Ref 26 for its prepn from nitric acid and acetylene. Other prepns on both lab and industrial scales are by the action on Tetranitro-methane (TeNMe) of K hydroxide in aq glycerol (Ref 16), aq HOCHjSOaNa, or 30% aq H peroxide (Ref 19a) to give the K salt which is treated with sulfuric acid (Ref 16), syrupy phosphoric acid (Ref 20), or best by passing gaseous HC1 thru a suspension of the K salt in anhyd eth (Ref 19a). It has also been prepd by the action of nitric acid on malonamide,... 

Esterification with nitric acid includes the industrially important reactions with glycerol to form glyceryl trinitrate (nitroglycerin), and with cellulose to form cellulose nitrate (nitrocellulose)... 

The alkaline product from the wood ash was a crude solution of sodium and potassium carbonates called "lye". On boiling the vegetable oil with the lye, the soap (sodium and potassium salts of long chained fatty acids) separated from the lye due to the dispersive interactions between the of the fatty acid alkane chains and were thus, called "lyophobic". It follows that "lyophobic", from a physical chemical point of view, would be the same as "hydrophobic", and interactions between hydrophobic and lyophobic materials are dominantly dispersive. The other product of the soap making industry was glycerol which remained in the lye and was consequently, termed "lyophilic". Thus, glycerol mixes with water because of its many hydroxyl groups and is very polar and hence a "hydrophilic" or "lyophilic" substance. 

Alcohol oxidoreductases capable of oxidizing short chain polyols are useful biocatalysts in industrial production of chiral hydroxy esters, hydroxy adds, amino adds, and alcohols [83]. In a metagenomic study without enrichment, a total of 24 positive clones were obtained and tested for their substrate specifidty. To improve the detedion frequency, enrichment was performed using glycerol or 1,2-propanediol and further 24 positive clones were deteded in this study. 

In industrial processes, 1,3-propanediol is used for the production of polyester fibers, polyurethanes and cydic compounds [85]. 1,3-Propanediol can be produced from glucose with the limiting step catalyzed by glycerol dehydratase. A metagenomic survey for glycerol hydratases from the environment resulted in seven positive clones, one of which displayed a level of catalytic efficiency and stability making it ideal for application in the produdion of 1,3-propanediol from glucose. 

In the wine industry, FTIR has become a useful technique for rapid analysis of industrial-grade glycerol adulteration, polymeric mannose, organic acids, and varietal authenticity. Urbano Cuadrado et al. (2005) studied the applicability of spectroscopic techniques in the near- and mid-infrared frequencies to determine multiple wine parameters alcoholic degree, volumic mass, total acidity, total polyphenol index, glycerol, and total sulfur dioxide in a much more efficient approach than standard and reference methods in terms of time, reagent, and operation errors. 

Dixit, V. et al.. Identification and qnantification of industrial grade glycerol adulteration in red wine with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy using chemometrics and artificial neural networks, Appl. Spectros., 59, 1553, 2005. 

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