Seasonal temperature variations

Natural gas production and transmission systems are complemented by underground storage systems. These systems provide the capabdity to respond to short-term gas demands which exceed the immediate production levels or transmission capabdities. They also provide an opportunity to sustain some production by refilling the storage areas when seasonal temperature variations lead to periods of reduced gas demand. In the United States in 1990, there were 397 storage pools having a combined capacity of 2.2 x 10 (1). 

Soil Temperature. In temperate climates, NO and NjO emission rates increase with increasing soil temperature and a response to diurnal and seasonal temperature variations has been reported freqnently." Activation energies for both soil NO and NjO emissions are usually in the range of 30-150 kJ mol ... 

Metal hydroxides (e.g., Fe, Mn, Al) can also be a problem (Rauten-bach and Albrecht, Membrane Processes, Wiley, New York, 1989). A chemical analysis of the feed solution composition along with consideration of solubility products allows one to determine the significance of precipitation. Solubility products can be affected by temperature, pH, and ionic strength. Seasonal temperature variations must be considered. Concentrations of silica need to be < 120 mg/L in the feed. 

Other parameters of the simulation are specified in subroutine SPECS. The quantity solcon is the solar constant, available here for tuning within observational limits of uncertainty. The quantity diffc is the heat transport coefficient, a freely tunable parameter. The quantity odhc is the depth in the ocean to which the seasonal temperature variation penetrates. In this annual average simulation, it simply controls how rapidly the temperature relaxes into a steady-state value. In the seasonal calculations carried out later in this chapter it controls the amplitude of the seasonal oscillation of temperature. The quantity hcrat is the amount by which ocean heat capacity is divided to get the much smaller effective heat capacity of the land. The quantity hcconst converts the heat exchange depth of the ocean into the appropriate units for calculations in terms of watts per square meter. The quantity secpy is the number of seconds in a year. 

Fig. 4.19 Seasonal temperature observations in springs of the Penns Creek basin, central Appalachians (from Shuster and White, 1971). The authors classified the springs (text) into a conduit type with rapid karstic flow, and a diffuse type with slow flow through minute rock fractures. The former revealed significant seasonal temperature variations, whereas the latter manifested a steady temperature.

Dunbar R. B. and Wellington G. M. (1985) Stable isotopes in a branching coral monitor seasonal temperature variation. Nature 293, 453-455. 

The Pachythecalis 8 0 oscillation (Fig. 5), probably seasonal, can be compared to a recent example analyzed by Ivany et al. (2004) in the massive skeletons of an Oligocene coral Archohelia) from the Byram formation (Mississippi). The 8 0 was found to oscillate between —2 and —4.8 permil versus PDB (rather similar to the Pachythecalis variations). Assuming that seawater is characterized by 8 0 = —0.5% and that the water salinity was normal , Ivany et al. (2004) obtained a surprisingly high seasonal temperature variation of 12 to 24 °C in the Archohelia skeletons. A parallel approach applied to minor... 

Fig. 12. Seasonal temperature variation at NWC over 3-yr period. Data of Gordon and Pilbeam (1974) by thermistor, all other by direct insertion of thermometer in surface of diver-taken sediment cores.

Xia, J., D. R. Engstrom E. Ito, 1997. Geochemistry of ostracod calcite part 2. The effects of water chemistry and seasonal temperature variation on Candona rawsoni. Geoch. Cosmoch. Acta 61 383-391. 

The weather of Antarctica is proverbially hostile to life but actually varies widely depending on the season, the latitude, the elevation, and on local factors. The average monthly temperatures at McMurdo and South Pole stations in Fig. 2.3 display the range of seasonal temperature variations at these locations in relation to their latitude, elevation, and topographic setting ... 

The flow rate and temperature of the cooling water (to the throat and, to the oil cooler) are important as these variables affect how the material is plasticized within the barrel and, how the hydraulic components function. Usually the water used is from the mains supply and is therefore subject to a seasonal temperature variation fi-om winter to summer. This variation, and the variation in flow caused through using an unmonitored supply, can cause product variation. 

A significant seasonal temperature variation and low negative temperatures in the winter season (from plus 35°C to minus 55°C) in the candidate Russian sites for the UNITHERM NPP, located in the remote regions of Russia, predetermine the selection of a specific coolant in the independent circuit. The proposed options are, for example, ammonia, alcohol or ethylene glycol. 

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