Citric acid ternary

Electroless Ni-Ge-P was studied as a model system for ternary alloy deposition [112], A chloride-free solution with GeC>2 as a source of Ge, hypophosphite as reducing agent, aspartic acid as a selective complexant for Ni2+ ions, which was operated at 80 °C in the pH range of 5-5.8, was developed for depositing Ni-Ge-P films with a tunable Ge content from 0 to 25+ at%. The use of a complexant such as citric acid, which complexed Ge(IY) ions as well as Ni2+ ions, resulted in a much lower Ge content in the electroless deposit, and a more complicated solution to study for the reasons discussed above. The aspartate-containing electroless solution, with its non-complexing pH buffer (succinic acid), approximated a modular system, and, with the exception of the aspartic acid - Ni2+ complexation reaction, exhibited a minimum level of interactions in solution. 

Oranges, citric acid in, 6 632t ORBIT PRINT SELECT software, 18 243 Orbitrap, 15 662-663 Orb web, structure of, 22 630 Ordered intermetallic alloys, 13 530 Order, in amorphous semiconductor structure, 22 128-129 Ordering, in ternary semiconductor alloy preparation, 22 158-159 Order of addition, in large-scale... 

Liu, Q. and G. Zogra. 1998. Phase behavior of binary and ternary amorphous mixtures containing indomethacin, citric acid, and PVPharm ReSl5 1202-1206. 

Dodge CJ, Francis AJ. 1997. Biotransformation of binary and ternary citric acid complexes of iron and uranium. Environ Sci Technol 31(ll) 3062-3067. 

Redden, G.D., Li, J., and Leckie, J., Adsorption of U and citric acid on goethite, gibbsite, and kaolinite. Comparising results for binary and ternary systems, in Adsorption of Metals by Geomedia, Jenne, E., ed., Academic Press, New York, 1998, p. 291. 

The problem therefore becomes one of a mixture of 3 constituents that can each theoretically vary between 0 and 82.42% of the tablet mass the saccharose, citric acid plus bicarbonate, and the sorbitol. The experimental domain may be represented by the ternary diagram of figure 3.7a. 

A particularly well-studied ligand is L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) this may coordinate like alaninate or a pyrocatechol Zn appears to favour binding to l-DOPA as to pyrocatechols. Formation constants have been measured for the ternary complexes Zn dopamine alanine/pyrocatechoF and Zn" l-DOPA L (L = penicillamine, L-alanine, glycine, 2,2 -bipyridine, citric acid, tartaric acid or sulfosalicylic acid). ... 

Lu Q, Zografi G (1998) Phase behavior of binary and ternary amorphous mixtures containing indomethacin, citric acid, and PVP. Pharm Res 15 1202-1206 Lobmann K, Laitinen R, Grohganz H, Gordon KC, Strachan C, Rades T (2011) Coamorphous drug systems enhanced physical stability and dissolution rate of indomethacin and naproxen. Mol Pharm 8 1919-1928... 

Grinberg AD, Povimonski D, Apelblat A (1991) Liquid-liquid equilibrium in the ternary system citric acid-2-butanol-water at 298.15 K. Solv Extr Ion Exch 9 127-135... 

Systematic measurements of densities in ternary systems were performed only by Apelblat and Manzmola [112] who determined at 25 °C the mean apparent molar volumes of citric acid in aqueous solutions with potassium chloride and trisodium citrate. 

It should be taken into account, that known solubilities of citric add in oiganic solvents aie to a large degree uncertain. This probably results from inadequate analytical procedures which were apphed and whether the anhydrous or monohydrate citric acid (one-phase ternary system) were actually dissolved. As can be observed in Fig. 2.46, the hydration water considerably changes solubilities of citric acid in the ethanol + water mixtures. Sometimes, there is not clear whether dtric acid solnbihties are expressed per mass of solvent or per mass of saturated solutioa Therefore, the compiled solubihties of citric add in organic solvents (Table 2.24) are expressed in original units. Similarly, as with water, the Daneshfar et al. [85] solubilities in other solvents are considered to be incorrect and they are excluded from Table 2.24. 

Kremann R, Eitel H (1923) The ternary system sugar-citric acid-water. A contribution to the theory of fruit ices from the standpoint of the phase rule. Rec Trav Chim 42 539-546 Timmermans J (1960) The Physico-Chemical Constants of Binary Systems in Concentrated Solutions. Systems with inoiganic + organic or inorganic compounds (excepting metallic derivatives), vol IV. Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, p 263, pp 410-413 Lide DR (ed) (2001) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 82nd edn. CRC, Boca Raton,... 

Dalman LH (1937) Ternary systems of urea and acids. IV. U rea, citric acid and water. V. U rea, acetic acid and water. VI. Urea, tartaric acid and water. J Am Chem Soc 59 775-779 Apelblat A, Manzurola E (1987) Solubility of oxalic, malonic, succinic, adipic, maleic, malic, citric, and tartaric acids in water from 278.15 K to 338.15 K. J Chem Thermodyn 19 317-320 Yang H, Wang J (2011) Solubilities of 3-carboxy-3-hydroxypentanedioic acid in ethanol, butan-l-ol, water, acetone, and methylbenzene. J Chem Eng Data 56 1449-1451 Daneshfar A, Baghlami M, Sarabi RS, Sahraei R, Abassi A, Kariyan H, Khezeli T (2012) Solubility of citric, malonic, and malic acids in different solvents from 303.2-333.2 K. Fluid Phase Equilib 313 11-15... 

Apelblat A, Glazer S, Kost A, Manzurola E (1990) Liquid-liquid equilibria in ternary systems with citric acid, tartaric and malic acids and aliphatic alcohols. Ber Bunsenges Phys Chem 94 1145-1149... 

Values of pK in the water-methanol and the water-l,4-dioxane mixtures were determined a number of times [23-27]. However, in mixtures with 1,4-dioxane, the results of Schwarz et al. [23] and Papanastasiou and Ziogas [24] are inconsistent It seems that the Schwarz et al. pKj values are incorrect. Papanastasiou and Ziogas also determined dissoeiation constants in the ternary water + methanol + 1,4-dioxane system [28]. pKj values in the water-methanol mixtures, as obtained by Garrido et al. [27] are slightly shifted with regards to those in other investigations. They also determined dissociation constants of citric acid in the water + methanol + KCl system, bnt only at one eonstant ionie strength of 7=0.15 M KCl. 

Papanastasiou G, Ziogas 1 (1989) Acid-base equilibria in ternary water/ methanol/ diox-ane solvent systems. Determination of pK values of citric acid at 25 °C. Anal Chim Acta 222 198 200... 

Dodge CJ, Francis AJ (2002) Photodegradation of a ternary iron(III)-uranium(VI)-citric acid complex. Environ Sci Technol 36 2094-2100... 

Mathur JN, Cernochova K, Choppin GR (2007) Thermodynamics and laser luminescence spectroscopy of binary and ternary complexation of Am +, Cm and Eu with citric acid, and citric acid + EDTA at high ionic strength. Inorg Chim Acta 360 1785-1791... 

Typical behaviour of osmotic and activity coefficients as calculated using Eqs. (5.36) and (5.37), is illustrated for trisodium citrate and tripotassium citrate in Fig. 5.15. It can be observed, that values of the (/w) and y+(/w) coefficients after a strong fall in very dilute solutions depend rather weakly on the citrate concentration. Since a T-,m) values are nearly temperature independent, the same is observed in the case osmotic and activity coefficients. It is worthwhile to mention that the Pitzer model was also used by Schunk and Maurer [163] when they determined water activities at 25 °C in ternary systems (citric acid + inorganic salt). The interactions parameters between ions, which were applied to represent activities in ternary systems, were calculated by taking into account the dissociation steps of citric acid and the formation of bisulfate ions for solutions with sodium sulfate. 

Chapter 2 is devoted to properties of solid citric acid and aqueous and orgartic solutions of it. Detailed phase equilibria in the citric acid + water system (melting, freezing, boiling, solubilities and vapour pressures curves) are presented, correlated and thermodynamically analyzed. Dynamic and other physical properties (viscosities, diffusion coefficients, thermal and electrical conductivities, surface tensions and indices of refraction) are examined. Solubihties of citric acid in organic solvents and ternary citric acid + aliphatic alcohol + water and citric add + tertiary amine + water systems are also discussed. 

Figure 2.23 Influence of the amount of anhydrite added on the hydration kinetics of ternary binders based on portland cement (PC), calcium sulfoaluminate cement (CSA) and anhydrite hydrated at 20°C and at a water-binder ratio of O.SO. Citric acid (0.27 mass% referred to binder) was added as set retarder. (Adapted from Pelletier, L. et al.. Cement and Concrete Composites, 32(7), 497-507, 2010.)...

Because methanol is not very polar, the elution of strong organic acids and bases requires a mobile phase with even greater polarity. This has normally been done by adding a very low concentration of acids or bases into methanol, and then the modified methanol is mixed with CO2 for separation. Citric, acetic, and chlorinated acetic acids have been used as acidic secondary modifiers, whereas isopropylamine, triethy-lamine, and tetrabutylammonium hydroxide have been served as basic secondary modifiers. A good example with ternary systems is the separation of benzy-lamines, as shown in Fig. 1. None of the three tested amines were effectively eluted by pure CO2 (Fig. la) however, some of these amines were eluted with very poor peak shapes when methanol was added to the CO2 (Fig. lb). However, the addition of isopropylamine to the methanol-modified mobile phase effectively eluted all of the three benzylamines and dramatically improved the peak shapes, as shown in Fig. Ic. 

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