Cholesterol lowering activity

Estrogens are thought to exert their cardiovascular effects by acting on blood lipoproteins or by direct effects on blood vessels. In studies performed in rats, fulvestrant had no effect on plasma cholesterol levels. When administered along with estradiol, however, it blocked the cholesterol-lowering activity of estradiol (Lundeen et al. 1997). 

Burton PM, Swinney DC, Heller R, Dunlap B, Chiou M, et al. 1995. Azalanstat (RS-21607), a lanosterol 14 alpha-demethylase inhibitor with cholesterol-lowering activity. Biochem Pharmacol 50 529-544. 

Synthetic thyromimetic agent with cholesterol lowering activity in laboratory animals. 

Sugano, M., Ishiwaki, N., and Nakashima, K. 1984. Dietary protein-dependent modification of serum cholesterol level in rats. Significance of the arginine/lysine ratio. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 28, 192-199. Sugano, M., Goto, S., Yamada, Y., Yoshida, K., Hashimoto, Y., Matsuo, T., and Kimoto, M. 1990. Cholesterol-lowering activity of various undigested fractions of soybean protein in rats. /. Nutr. 120, 977-985. 

Kirchheiner J, Kudlicz D, Meisel C, et al. Influence of CYP2C9 polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics and cholesterol-lowering activity of (—)-3S,5R-fluvastatin and (+)-3R,5S-fluvastatin in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003 74(2) 186-194. 

Nityanand, S., Kapoor, N.K., and Dev, S. 1973. Cholesterol lowering activity of the various fractions of Commiphora mukul (Guggul). Indian J. Pharmacol. 5, 259. 

Silacycloalkyl(hetaryl)sulfides 67-73 showing high-cholesterol lowering activity have low acute toxicity (LD50 580-800 mgkg ). Only N-methylimidazole 66 exhibits medium toxicity (LD50 375mgkg ). 

There has also been considerable interest in the use of statins in other clinical indications, including cancer [75], neurological disorders [76], osteoporosis [77], atrial fibrillation [78], asthma [79], angiogenesis [80], immunomodulatory effects [81], coagulation and thrombosis [82,83]. Whether these effects can all be attributed to the cholesterol-lowering activity or are a consequence of depletion of other isoprenoid species remains to be determined. 

The initial interest in rice bran oil resulted from work with the stabilized rice bran. Rice bran was shown to be equivalent in serum cholesterol reduction to oat bran in hamster trials (Table 15) (1). Two clinical studies showed rice bran reduced serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in humans (49,50). Defatted bran was less effective in lowering cholesterol than full fat bran (1). The cholesterol-lowering activity was concentrated in the unsaponifiable fraction of rice bran oil (Table 16) (51). Oryzanol was found to contribute to the hypocholesterolemic activity of rice... 

Anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antioxidant Anti-inflammatory, antitumor, cholesterol-lowering activity Anti-inflammatory, cancer preventive... 

Thus, atorvastatin may have effects on inflammatory endpoints independent of cholesterol lowering. Activity on serum amyloid P could result in the lowering of plaque formation and inhibition of complement activation. 

Guthrie N, Kurowska EM. Anticancer and cholesterol lowering activities of citrus flavonoids. In Wildman REC, Ed. Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Eunctional Foods. Boca Raton, EL CRC Press, 2001 113-126. 

In summary, pine nut shows promise in lowering cholesterol and therefore risk for CVD. The research is at times contradictory and sometimes shows detrimental effects. This is possibly due to the use of animal models that are inherently and sometimes unknowingly limited in (heir appUcabihty to human diseases. Additional animal and human studies are required to understand the effects of pine nut or its individual components, such as pinolenic acid, on plasma lipids and ultimately CVD risk. It deserves mention that other chemical components in pine nut oils such as phytochemicals may contribute to its observed biological effects, and other components in the nut such as dietary fiber may also have potential cholesterol-lowering activity. Additional research is essential to investigate other components in pine nut and its effects on blood lipids. 

C25H24O12, Mr 516.46. Powder with a weak sweetish taste, mp. 227-228 °C, [a] -59° (CH3OH). C. occurs in the leaves of artichokes (Cynara scolymus, Astera-ceae), in flowers of Rhus typhina, as well as in Sene-cio nemorensis and Cirsium arvense. It is used for liver and biliary tract diseases. A cholesterol-lowering activity has also been reported. The biosynthesis pro-... 

The medical uses of the T. are as yet very limited. For example, antitumor activities have been described for glycyrrhet(in)ic acid and betulinic acid (3/3-hy-droxy-lup-20(29)-ene-28-oic acid), various lanostane derivatives exhibit antimicrobial and cholesterol-lowering activities (e.g., lanost-8-ene-3,7-dione), and dammar resin T. have antiviral properties. Some cu-curbitacins show anti-Hiv activity. 

Nakajima, H., Suzuki, Y, Hirota, T. (1992). Cholesterol lowering activity of ropy fermented milk. Journal of Food Science, 57(6), 1327-1329. 

Chitosan and its derivative exhibited the great antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, and anti-hypocholesterolemic activities in type 1 and type 2 diabetic animal models. Moreover, chitin, chitosan, and their derivatives exhibited cholesterol-lowering activity in animal and clinical studies. Therefore, chitin, chitosan, and their derivatives can be promising candidates as potential material for protecting diabetes mellitus and lowering the cholesterol absorption. 

The jff-diethylaminoethyl esters of two substituted thyroacetic acids, LIX and LX, have been reported to be as active as L-T3 [192]. However, introduction of the )ff-diethylaminoethoxy group at the 4 -position, as in LXI, caused almost complete elimination of hypocholesterolemic activity. The 4 -methyl ether of 3,3, 5-triiodo- and 3,5-diiodo-3 -isopropylthyroacetic acid possessed hypocholesterolemic activity in the rat which was almost one-half that of L-T3. The latter two compounds exhibited a greater degree of separation between the cholesterol-lowering activity and the calorigenic or cardiotropic effects than the corresponding nonetherified substances [193]. 

The cholesterol-lowering activity of PS has been attributed to several mechanisms which are mainly ascribed to their structural similarities with cholesterol. Traditionally, the main mechanism accounted for the cholesterol-lowering capacity of PS has been attributed to the competitive solubilization into mixed micelles between cholesterol and PS at the intestinal level [48]. However, several studies have provided evidence to support that the cholesterol-lowering activity is also related to mechanisms other than interference with cholesterol incorporation into micelles [15, 28, 49, 50]. Although the physiological relevance of all these mechanisms is not clear, the metabolic effects of PS are commonly attributed to lower absorption of cholesterol and changes in intestinal cholesterol efflux and Upoprotein homeostasis. These mechanisms are summarized in Scheme 113.1. 

Vegetable proteins, particularly from soy, exert a remarkable cholesterol lowering activity in type II individuals (18). Our experience, more than a decade long, is supported by a large... 

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