Resins dammar

Damm, m. dam, dike, bank (Med.) perineum Dammar-finiis, m. dammar varnish, -harz, n dammar resin, dammar, dammen, v.t. dam, dam up, stop up curb. Dammerde, /. mold, humus (Founding) pit sand. 

Dammar resin was introduced into Europe in the nineteenth century, mainly as a paint varnish It is still used today since it has good optical properties and low acidity. It is derived from various species (the genus Hopea and Shorea of the Dipterocarpaceae family). It is characterised by tetracyclic triterpenoids of the dammarane series and contains minor amounts of pentacyclic triterpenoids of the series of olanane, ursane and hopane. It also contains a polymeric fraction named polycadinene or [S-resene. Dammar resin triterpenoids undergo oxidation with ageing, as described for the components of mastic resin. 

Figure 3.11 DTMS total ion currents of (a) fresh dammar resin and dammar after (b) 1 week or (c) 2 weeks of artificial ageing. Reproduced from J. Photochem. Photobiol., A, 134, 13, Copyright 2000, with permission from Elsevier...

Table 5.1 Components of fresh dammar resin, as reported in the literature [34] with corresponding m/z values of the sodium adducts (see Figure 5.6a)...

B.G.K. Van Aarssen, H.C. Cox, P. Hoogendoorn, and J.W. De Leeuw, A Cadinene Biopolymer Present in Fossil and Extant Dammar Resins as a Source for Cadinanes and Bicadinanes in Crude Oils from South East Asia, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 54, 3021 3031 (1990). 

In addition to GC/MS, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC/MS) has been used to analyse natural resins in ancient samples, particularly for paint varnishes containing mastic and dammar resins [34]. A partial limitation of chromatographic techniques is that they do not permit the analysis of the polymeric fraction or insoluble fraction that may be present in the native resins or formed in the course of ageing. Techniques based on the direct introduction of the sample in the mass spectrometer such as direct temperature resolved mass spectrometry (DTMS), direct exposure mass spectrometry (DE-MS) and direct inlet mass spectrometry (DI-MS), and on analytical pyrolysis (Py-GC/MS), have been employed as complementary techniques to obtain preliminary information on the... 

A number of important resins are composed of triterpenoids, including the dammar resins which derive from a sub-family of the family Dipterocarpaceae. Dammar resins are fluid, balsamic oleoresins highly suited for caulking and waterproofing. Frankincense (olibanum) is known as a gum-resin collected from various Boswellia spp. and contains amyrin epimers and triterpenoid acids. The gum component is polysaccharide in origin and is water soluble. The Anacardiaceae family contains the genus Pistacia (Mills and White, 1977 21 Mills and White, 1989). 

Dammar resin Balanocarpus heimii (Dipterocarpaceae) Dammarenediols... 

Dammaradienol 81 Dammar resin Shea butter Theaceae 0.8 [37,59] ... 

Examples. Data from an early experiment in which the gain in weight of dammar resin was observed, illustrated in Figure 8, indicate that a limit had been reached after one month (20). One may assume that the tertiary alcohol groups or the double bond in the vinyl groups, known to be present in this natural resin, were readily oxidized and that thereafter, one would need to increase the temperature or the energy of... 

Dammar Resin Damar Gum Damar Resin Dammar... 

Dammar Resin, 114 Danish Agar, 164 Data Elements Required for Assay Validation, xxvi, xxvii D.E., 120, (S2)8 Deaerated Water, Defined, 5 (E),(i )-2,4-Decadienal, 476, 615, (S 1)66, (S3)68... 

The structure of the methylene quinonoid triterpenoid pristimerin (114) has been confirmed by X-ray analysis. The full details of the crystal structure of the triterpenoid dimethyl ester s-lactone from dammar resin have appeared. ... 

The reproducibility of the results for heated filament pyrolysers (CDS Pyroprobe 1000) and Curie point pyrolysers (Horizon Instruments) was reported for several samples [34]. This included several synthetic polymers, dammar resin, chitin, an insect cuticle, a hardwood (cherry), a seed coat (water lily), lycopod cuticle (fossil Eskdalia), as well as several organic geological samples. All samples were pyrolysed at 610° C for 5 s in a flow of helium. The residence time in the pyrolyser before pyrolysis was kept constant and the temperature of the sample housing was 250° C. Other parameters such as the temperature of the transfer line to the analytical instrument were also the same. Both systems were connected to a GC/MS system for the pyrolysates analysis. 

Woody higher plants can also exude resins. For example, dammar resin from certain angiosperms (e.g. dipterocarps) contains a polycadinene (Fig. 2.26), based on a A5-cadinene monomer (van Aarssen et al. 1990). Gymnosperm resin polymers are based on labdatriene (diterpenoid) monomers such as communic acid (Fig. 2.26 Mills et al. 1984/5 Hatcher Clifford 1997), and some angiosperm resins also contain these polymers. In contrast to polycadinene formation, polymerization of labdatrienes is thought to occur after exudation. 

Other higher plant derived triterpanes include a series of bicadinanes, which can sometimes be observed in Tertiary oils and source-rock extracts from South-east Asia. They are believed to derive from thermal breakdown of polycadinanes, a class of biopolymer that has been identified in dammar resins in some South-east Asian angiosperms (particularly dipterocarps van Aarssen et al. 1992). Other cadinane oligomers may also be present, but the bicadinanes are usually dominant and the major component in oils is generally the most thermally stable trans,trans,trans isomer (Fig. 5.26). 

A novel dimethyl ester -lactone from Dammar resin has been shown to have the structure (210) by AT-ray analysis. A very probable biogenesis from asiatic acid [(211)— (212) (210)] has been suggested. Madasiatic acid (213), a close relative of asiatic and madecassic acids, has been isolated from Centella asiatica Protection of the vicinal diol system, followed by oxidation to the 6-ketone and Wolff-Kishner reduction yielded 2o,3)5-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid. Rubitic... 

S08. Damar, Gum Damar Dammar resin Damar-Resinons exudate from a species of Sborea. Dipterocarpaceae. Habit, East Indies, Philippines. Canstit. Volatile oil, resins, bitter substance. 

Film lacquer Dicyclohexyl phthalate, dammar resin (dewaxed), maleate resin, paraffin NC PL resin = 1 0.5 0.5 -h 8% paraffin (mp 57-62 C)... 

Dammar resin [dam(in)ar]. Pale yellow, transparent drop-like or irregularly shaped pieces of resin with a we ly aromatic odor from the south east Asian pitch tree (Shorea wiesneri, Dipterocarpaceae) and other Shorea or Hopea species. D. has varying hardnesses depending on its origin. 

The N. r. include benzoin gum, Canada balsam, China or Japan lacquers, dammar resin, amber, labda-num, mastic, incense, sandarac, and storax. 

The medical uses of the T. are as yet very limited. For example, antitumor activities have been described for glycyrrhet(in)ic acid and betulinic acid (3/3-hy-droxy-lup-20(29)-ene-28-oic acid), various lanostane derivatives exhibit antimicrobial and cholesterol-lowering activities (e.g., lanost-8-ene-3,7-dione), and dammar resin T. have antiviral properties. Some cu-curbitacins show anti-Hiv activity. 

---