Plaque formation

The state of knowledge in the early 1990s of the effects of fat on health lacks clarity and general agreement. There is great support for the thesis that fully saturated fats are associated with problems of atherosclerosis and arterial fatty deposit, but there is evidence that stearates, which are saturates, are only poorly utilized in human digestion. Another body of work has estabUshed a connection between unsaturated fatty acids and a better state of arterial health and lowered fat body attachment to the arterial wall (23) contrary evidence exists that highly unsaturated fats polymerize more readily and thus contribute to arterial plaque formation. 

Carotenoids and cardiovascular diseases — Numerous epidemiological studies aimed to study the relationship of carotenoids and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) including coronary accident risk and stroke. It appeared then that observational studies, namely prospective and case-control studies, pointed to a protective effect of carotenoids on myocardial infarct and stroke, but also on some atherosclerosis markers such as intima media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery (CCA) and atheromatous plaque formation. 

Rolla, G. (1977). Effects of fluoride on initiation of plaque formation. Caries Research, 11, 243-61. 

In atherosclerosis, ox-LDL is taken up ultimately by macrophages and smooth muscle cells in the arterial intima. Once loaded with lipid, these cells have a foamy appearance when examined histologically. The accumulation of these so-called foam cells in the artery wall leads to the formation of fatty streaks , which can lead to atheromatous plaque formation and consequent coronary heart disease. 

Rees, S. and Cragg, B. (1983). Is silica involved in neuritic (senile) plaque formation Acta Neuropath. 59, 31-40. 

Increased cholesterol concentrations have been associated with AD. The cholesterol increases P-amyloid protein synthesis which can lead to plaque formation.16 Also, the apo E4 allele is thought to be involved in cholesterol metabolism and is associated with higher cholesterol levels.16... 

Atherosclerosis A disease process of the arteries involving fatty plaque formation and inflammation in the vascular wall. 

Properties of Selected Molecules in Atherosclerosis That Affect Atherogenesis and Plaque Formation/Rupture... 

RANTES) macrophages, cells and monocytes/ plaque formation, intimal... 

CXCR2 Monocytes, macrophages, T cells, neutrophils, mast cells, and NK cells Receptor for IL-8 (see IL-8 in table, above). CXCR2 deficiency in susceptible mice decreased plaque formation. ... 

Veillard NR, Kwak B, Pelli G, et al. Antagonism of RANTES receptors reduces atherosclerotic plaque formation in mice. Circ Res 2004 94(2) 253-261. 

Release of markers bound to the endothelial cell such as thrombomodulin is indicative of vascular damage. Increased levels of soluble thrombomodulin in plasma are diagnostic (93). Other endothelium-derived markers such as 6-keto-prostaglandin F a, which is a metabolite of prostacyclin, are useful in the assessment of endothelial function, with lower levels indicative of inability to synthesize this marker due to defective or damaged endothelium through plaque formation (93). 

Jeme, N.K. and Nordin, A.A. (1963). Plaque formation in agar by single antibody-producing cells. Science 140 405. 

To explain the relationship between Lp(a) concentrations and risk of atherosclerosis, several hypothesis could be brought forward first, Lp(a) affects the metabolism of cholesterol and LDL secondly, Lp(a) plays a role in foam-cell and plaque formation thirdly, Lp(a) interacts with the activation of plasminogen to plasmin, the key step in the fibrinolytic system (L10, M27). Such activation can occur in two different localizations, i.e., on fibrin and its proteolytic residues, and on the surface of endothelial and monocytic cells. 

Lp(a) will also be targeted to uptake by macrophages by the scavenger receptor pathway. Macrophages, turning into foam cells, play an important role in plaque formation. 

Leissring, M.A., Farris, W., Chang, A.Y., Walsh, D.M., Wu, X., Sun, X., Frosch, M.P., and Selkoe, D.J., Enhanced proteolysis of beta-amyloid in APP transgenic mice prevents plaque formation, secondary pathology, and premature death, Neuron, 40,1087, 2003. 

Because conformational epitopes are not easily mimicked with linear peptides, which can elicit nonspecific antibodies, several alternative strategies such as synthetic cyclic peptides have been developed [see e.g., (18)]. A similar conformational restriction was seemingly achieved with a P-amyloid peptide that was anchored to the surface of liposomes via hydrophobic tails introduced at its both N- and C-termini. The reconstituted peptide proved highly immunogenic and elicited antibodies that could significantly prevent amyloid plaque formation in a model system (70). 

E (a-tocopherol) Antioxidant in the hpid phase. Protects membrane lipids from peroxidation and helps prevent oxidation of LDL particles thought to be involved in atherosclerotic plaque formation... 

Chui, D.-H., Tanahashi, H., Ozawa, K., et al. (1999) Transgenic mice with Alzheimer prese-nilin 1 mutations show accelerated neurodegeneration without amyloid plaque formation. Nat. Med., 5, 560-564. 

Interest in the nature of interactions between shortchain organic surfactants and large molecular weight macromolecules and ions with hydroxyapatite extends to several fields. In the area of carles prevention and control, surfactant adsorption plays an important role in the Initial states of plaque formation (1-5) and in the adhesion of tooth restorative materials ( ). Interaction of hydroxyapatite with polypeptides in human urine is important in human biology as hydroxyapatite has been found as a major or minor component in a majority of kidney stones ( 7). Hydroxyapatite is used in column chromatography as a material for separating proteins (8-9). The flotation separation of apatite from... 

---