Hypocholesterolemic activity

Chitosan also has hypocholesterolemic effects and acts as an adjuvant to weight loss in rat studies [31,32]. Studies have reported that chitosan reduced the concentration of plasma cholesterol in animals [33,34] and type If diabetes patients in combination with hypercholesterolemia [33]. This property is being attributed to the positive charge of the molecule that binds to fatty acids (released from consumed fat) and bile salt components, which results in disrupted lipid absorption in the gut [5]. Also, chitosan is dissolved in the stomach, emulsifying the fat and forming a gel in the intestine which entraps fat and prevents intestinal absorption [35,36]. Chitosan forms a floccule in the duodenum which entraps dietary oil [37]. However, these effects are still controversial [31,38,39]. Actually, van Bennekum et al. [32] suggested that the incorporation of chitosan in the diet of rats reduces cholesterol (food) intake, but did not affect either intestinal cholesterol absorption or faecal sterol output. 

In terms of viscosity, chitosan can be applied as an enhancing agent in acid environments and as pseudoplastic material, demonstrating a decrease in viscosity with increasing 

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Saponins. Although the hypocholesterolemic activity of saponins has been known since the 1950s, thek low potency and difficult purification sparked Htde interest in natural saponins as hypolipidemic agents. Synthetic steroids (292, 293) that are structurally related to saponins have been shown to lower plasma cholesterol in a variety of different species (252). Steroid (292) is designated CP-88,818 [99759-19-0]. The hypocholesterolemic agent CP-148,623 [150332-35-7] (293) is not absorbed into the systemic ckculation and does not inhibit enzymes involved in cholesterol synthesis, release, or uptake. Rather, (293) specifically inhibits cholesterol absorption into the intestinal mucosa (253). As of late 1996, CP-148,623 is in clinical trials as an agent that lowers blood concentrations of cholesterol (254). 

Endo A, Kuroda M, Tanzawa K. (1976) Competitive inhibition of 3-hydroxy3methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase by ML236A and ML236B, fungal metabolites having hypocholesterolemic activity. FEBS Lett 72 323-326. 

Flepatic mixed function oxidase inhibition. Oleoresin, administered to rats at a dose of 250 mg%, was active " " ". Hypocholesterolemic activity. A hot mixture of Nigella sativa, Commiphora myrrha, Ferula assafoetida, Aloe vera, and Boswellia serrata, administered by gastric intubation to rats at a dose of 0.5 g/kg for 7 days, was active vs streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia " " ". 

Hypocholesterolemic activity. Fixed oil of the bran, administered orally to adults of both sexes at a dose of 30 mg/day, was active. Flour bran, administered orally to adults at a dose of 3 g/day, was active " . Dried bran, administered in the ration of male rats, was active "" . Petroleum ether extract of the fresh fruit, administered to pigs at a concentration of 3.5 g/kg of diet, produced a decrease of serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol after 29 days of feeding "" Flour, administered orally to adults with hypercholesterolemia at a dose of 44 g/day, produced a decrease of total and LDL cholesterol levels "". 

Yamazaki, N., T. Otomo, and K. Kawai. Antitumor glycoprotein extraction from rice bran. Patent-Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho-61 143,323. 1986 9 pp. Sharma, R. D. and C. Rukmini. Hypocholesterolemic activity of unsa-ponifiable matter or rice bran oil. Indian J Med Res. 1987 3 278-281. Polasa, K., and C. Rukmini. Mutagenicity tests of cashewnut shell liquid, rice-bran oil and other vegetable oils using the Salmonella typhimurium/mC crosome system. Food Chem Toxicol 1987 25(10) 763-766. 

Hypocholesterolemic activity. A mixture of high molecular-weight primary aliphatic alcohols from sugar cane (Lesstanol, provided by Johnson Parana), administered intragastrically to normocholesterolemic... 

Hypocholesterolemic activity. Extract of the dried entire plant, administered to rats at a dose of 30% of diet, was active " . Lignan fraction of the seed, administered in the ration of 4-week-old rats at a dose of 0.2% of the diet for 3 weeks, was active. Dietary fat sources were safflower and primrose oils . 

Sugano, M., Yoshida, K., Hashimoto, H., Enomoto, K., and Hirano, S. (1992). Hypocholesterolemic activity of partially hydrolyzed chitosan in rats. In "Advances in Chitin and Chitosan", (C. J. Brine, P. A. Sanford, and J. P. Zikakis, Eds), pp. 472-478. Elsevier Applied Science, London and New York. 

E7. Endo, A., Kuroda, M., and Tanzawa, K., Competitive inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-meth-ylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase by ML-236A and ML-236B fungal metabolites, having hypocholesterolemic activity. FEBS Lett. 72, 323-326 (1976). 

Booyens et al. (1984) reported that unnatural dietary trans and cis unsaturated fatty acid isomers are a definite risk factor in the etiology of coronary disease, despite an early report about the hypocholesterolemic activity of unsaturated fatty acids from plant origin. 

An extract of Spirulina, unicellular filamentous blue-green algae for human consumption has been reported to have potential hypocholesterolemic activity (Chamorro et al., 1996). 

Seetharamaiah, G.S. and Chandrasekharan, S. 1989. Studies on hypocholesterolemic activity of rice bran oil. Atherosclerosis 78, 219-223. 

Sharma, R. 1984. Hypocholesterolemic activity of fenugreek (T. foenum graecum). an experimental... 

Day CE (1990) Comparison of hypocholesterolemic activities of the bile acid sequestrants cholestyramine and cholestipol hydrochloride in cholesterol fed sea quail. Artery 17 281-288... 

The initial interest in rice bran oil resulted from work with the stabilized rice bran. Rice bran was shown to be equivalent in serum cholesterol reduction to oat bran in hamster trials (Table 15) (1). Two clinical studies showed rice bran reduced serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in humans (49,50). Defatted bran was less effective in lowering cholesterol than full fat bran (1). The cholesterol-lowering activity was concentrated in the unsaponifiable fraction of rice bran oil (Table 16) (51). Oryzanol was found to contribute to the hypocholesterolemic activity of rice... 

TABLE 16. Hypocholesterolemic Activity of Unsaponifiable Matter of Rice Bran Oil in Rats (51). 

Several 1,3-bis(substituted phenoxy)-2-propanones possess hypocholesterolemic activity in rats the 1,3-bis(p-methylphenoxv)-2-propanone... 

Chitosan has been reported to cause significant hypocholesterolemic activity in different experimental animals (Hirano et al., 1990 Sugano et al., 1978, 1980 Ylitalo et al., 2002). Sugano et al. (1988) noted that chitosan oligomers did not exhibit this effect. The studies were carried out on rat groups fed on a diet rich in cholesterol to find the effect of chitosan hydrolysates with different MWs and viscosity on the hypocholesterolemic activity. The lower the MW of chitosan, the better its cholesterol-lowering potential. 

Aryloxy)methylsilane derivatives as new cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitors synthesis and hypocholesterolemic activity of a new class of squalene epoxidase inhibitors. J. Med. Chem. 38 3207-3216. 

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