Physical properties chlorine

One surprising physical property of fluorine is its electron affinity which, at — 333 kJmoPS is lower than that of chlorine, -364 kJmol , indicating that the reaction X(g) + -> X (g) is more... 

Dichloroacetic acid [79-43-6] (CI2CHCOOH), mol wt 128.94, C2H2CI2O2, is a reactive intermediate in organic synthesis. Physical properties are mp 13.9°C, bp 194°C, density 1.5634 g/mL, and refractive index 1.4658, both at 20°C. The Hquid is totally miscible in water, ethyl alcohol, and ether. Dichloroacetic acid K = 5.14 X 10 ) is a stronger acid than chloroacetic acid. Most chemical reactions are similar to those of chloroacetic acid, although both chlorine... 

Solvent Resistance. Elastomeric fibers tend to swell in certain organic solvents mbber fibers swell in hydrocarbon solvents such as hexane. Spandex fibers become highly swollen in chlorinated solvents such as tetrachloroethylene [127-18-4] (Perclene). Although the physical properties of spandex fibers return to normal after the solvent evaporates, considerable amounts of its stabilizers may have been extracted. Therefore, the development of stabilizers that are more resistant to solvent extraction has become important as solvent scouring during mill processing replaces aqueous scouring at many mills, especially in Europe (26). 

Properties. The physical properties of aHphatic fluorine compounds containing chlorine are similar to those of the PECs or HECs (3,5). They usually have high densities and low boiling points, viscosities, and surface tensions. The irregularity in the boiling points of the fluorinated methanes, however, does not appear in the chlorofluorocarbons. Their boiling points consistently increase with the number of chlorines present. The properties of some CECs and HCECs are shown in Tables 3 and 4. 

Chlorinated Polyethylene. Chlorinating polyethylene under pressure results in a polymer having a chlorine content varying from 25 to 42%. The polymer requires the incorporation of carbon black and minerals for achieving good physical properties. The polymers handle like conventional polymers and can be mixed and processed on conventional mbber equipment. 

Physical Properties. Sulfur monochloride [10025-67-9] S2CI2, is a yeUow-orange Hquid with a characteristic pungent odor. It was first discovered as a chlorination product of sulfur in 1810. Table 5 provides a Hst of the physical properties. 

Physical Properties. Thionyl chloride [7719-09-7], SOCI2, is a colorless fuming Hquid with a choking odor. Selected physical and thermodynamic properties are Hsted in Table 6. Thionyl chloride is miscible with many organic solvents including chlorinated hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons. It reacts quickly with water to form HCl and SO2. Thionyl chloride is stable at room temperature however, slight decomposition occurs just... 

Properties. Physical properties of titanium tetrachloride are given ia Table 17. la the vapor phase, the titanium tetrachloride molecule is tetrahedral and has a Ti—Cl bond length of 218 pm. The regular tetrahedral coordination is retained ia the soHd, although each of the chlorines is crystaHographicaHy differeat ia the monoclinic lattice (131). 

The physical properties of vinyl chloride are Hsted in Table 1 (12). Vinyl chloride and water [7732-18-5] are nearly immiscible. The equiUbrium concentration of vinyl chloride at 1 atm partial pressure in water is 0.276 wt % at 25°C, whereas the solubiUty of water in vinyl chloride is 0.0983 wt % at 25°C and saturated pressure (13). Vinyl chloride is soluble in hydrocarbons, oil, alcohol, chlorinated solvents, and most common organic Hquids. 

Zirconium tetrachloride is a tetrahedral monomer in the gas phase, but the soHd is a polymer of ZrCl octahedra arranged in zigzag chains in such a way that each zirconium has two pairs of bridging chlorine anions and two terminal or t-chlorine anions. The octahedra are distorted with unequal Zr—Cl bridge bonds of 0.2498 and 0.2655 nm. The physical properties of zirconium tetrachloride are given in Table 7. 

Physical Properties. Aqueous chloric acid is a clear, colorless solution stable when cold up to ca 40 wt % (1). Upon heating, chlorine [7782-50-5] CI2, and chlorine dioxide [10049-04-4] CIO2, may evolve. Concentration of chloric acid by evaporation may be carried to >40% under reduced pressure. Decomposition at concentrations in excess of 40% is accompanied by evolution of chlorine and oxygen [7782-44-7] and the formation of perchloric acid [7601-90-3], HOCl, in proportions approximating those shown in equation 1. 

Progressive chlorination of a hydrocarbon molecule yields a succession of Hquids and/or soHds of increasing nonflammability, density, and viscosity, as well as improved solubiUty for a large number of inorganic and organic materials. Other physical properties such as specific heat, dielectric constant, and water solubihty decrease with increasing chlorine content. 

The physical properties of methylene chloride are Hsted in Table 1 and the binary a2eotropes in Table 2. Methylene chloride is a volatile Hquid. Although methylene chloride is only slightly soluble in water, it is completely miscible with other grades of chlorinated solvents, diethyl ether, and ethyl alcohol. It dissolves in most other common organic solvents. Methylene chloride is also an excellent solvent for many resins, waxes, and fats, and hence is well suited to a wide variety of industrial uses. Methylene chloride alone exhibits no dash or fire point. However, as Htde as 10 vol % acetone or methyl alcohol is capable of producing a dash point. 

Physical properties of hexachloroethane are Hsted in Table 11. Hexachloroethane is thermally cracked in the gaseous phase at 400—500°C to give tetrachloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride, and chlorine (140). The thermal decomposition may occur by means of radical-chain mechanism involving -C,C1 -C1, or CCl radicals. The decomposition is inhibited by traces of nitric oxide. Powdered 2inc reacts violentiy with hexachloroethane in alcohoHc solutions to give the metal chloride and tetrachloroethylene aluminum gives a less violent reaction (141). Hexachloroethane is unreactive with aqueous alkali and acid at moderate temperatures. However, when heated with soHd caustic above 200°C or with alcohoHc alkaHs at 100°C, decomposition to oxaHc acid takes place. 

Chlorinated paraffins vary in their physical form from free-flowing mobile Hquids to highly viscous glassy materials. Chlorination of paraffin wax (C24—C30) to 70% chlorine and above yields the only soHd grades. Physical properties of some commercially available chlorinated paraffins are Hsted in Table 1. 

Table 1. Physical Properties of Selected Commercial Chlorinated Paraffins...

Consideration of the figures given in Table 19.7 shows that the physical properties of the chlorinated polyethers are not particularly outstanding when compared with other plastics materials. On the other hand, apart from a somewhat low impact strength, these figures reveal no particular limitation. 

The fluids have reasonably good chemical resistance but are attacked by concentrated mineral acids and alkalis. They are soluble in aliphatic, aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons, which is to be expected from the low solubility parameter of 14.9 MPa. They are insoluble in solvents of higher solubility parameter such as acetone, ethylene glycol and water. They are themselves very poor solvents. Some physical properties of the dimethylsilicone fluids are summarised in Table 29.2. 

Perchloroethylene is a clear, dense, non-flammable volatile chlorinated solvent. It is widely used for dry cleaning small quantities are used in adhesives and cleaning agents. It is miscible with organic solvents but only slightly soluble in water. Relevant physical properties are given in Table 5.50. 

Trichloroethylene is a colourless non-flammable chlorinated hydrocarbon liquid. It is mainly used for degreasing of metals in the engineering and electrical appliance industries other outlets are as a solvent in inks, in dry-cleaning, in varnishes and adhesives, and as a solvent in the extraction of fats and oils. Relevant physical properties are given in Table 5.51. 

BrCl exists in equilibrium with bromine and chlorine in both gas and liquid phases. Table 5 lists various physical properties of BrCl. Due to the polarity of BrCl, it shows greater solubility than bromine in polar solvents. In water, it has a solubility of 8.5 gms per 100 gms of water at 20 C (that is, 2.5 times the solubility of bromine 11 times that of chlorine). Bromine chloride s solubility in water is increased greatly by adding chloride ions to form the complex chlorobromate ion, BrCl 2. 

TABLE 8.2.1 Physical Properties of Chlorine (CI2) CAS Registry Number 07782-50-5... 

Samples of pure CIO2 for measurement of physical properties can be obtained by chlorine reduction of silver chlorate at 90°C ... 

The compound sodium hydride, formed in reaction (29), is a crystalline compound with physical properties similar to those of sodium chloride. The chemical properties are very different, however. Whereas sodium burns readily in chlorine, it reacts with hydrogen only on heating to about 300°C. While sodium chloride is a stable substance that dissolves in water to form Na+(aqJ and CV(aq), the alkali hydrides bum in air and some of them ignite spontaneously. In contact with water, a vigorous reaction occurs, releasing hydrogen ... 

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