Chlorinated solvents pharmaceuticals

Uses. Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol is of interest in chemical and related industries where low toxicity and minimal environmental impact are important (134). For many years tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol has been used as a specialty organic solvent. The fastest growing appHcations are in formulations for cleaners (135) and paint strippers (136), often as a replacement for chlorinated solvents (137). Other major appHcations include formulations for crop sprays, water-based paints, and the dyeing and finishing of textiles and leathers. Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol also finds appHcation as an intermediate in pharmaceutical appHcations. 

Butylene oxide may be hydrolyzed to butylene glycol, which is used to make plasticizers. 1,2-Butylene oxide is a stabilizer for chlorinated solvents and also an intermediate in organic synthesis such as in surfactants and pharmaceuticals. 

Fem complexes were reported as effective photocatalysts for oxidation of many different organic pollutants, eg alcohols and their derivatives [20,29] organic acids, such as formic [50,53,56], oxalic [37], citric [57], and maleic [58] EDTA [11,20-23], phenol and its derivatives [35, 36, 45,59,60], other aromatic pollutants [38,43,51, 61-64], non-biodegradable azo dyes [40, 41, 48, 55, 59, 65], herbicides [54, 66-70], pesticides [32, 46, 71, 72], insecticides [44], pharmaceuticals and wastewater from medical laboratories [39,47,73], chlorinated solvents [33,74], municipal wastewater [75], and many others [20], The photo-Fenton process was explored as photochemical pre-treatment to improve its biodegradability, especially of biorecalcitrant wastewater from the textile industry [76, 77] the method was also proposed for water disinfection [78,79],... 

Smaller uses of 1-butene are in 1,2-butylene oxide, butyl mercaptan, and butyl phenols. Butylene oxide, produced by the chlorohydrin process, is used as a corrosion inhibitor in chlorinated solvents. Butyl mercaptan is a precursor for organophosphate herbicides, pharmaceutical intermediates, and is used as a gas odorant. 

The photo-Fenton processes are explored as photochemical pretreatment of nonbiodegradable and ubiquitous environmental pollutants and/or extremely toxic compoimds in wastewaters, such as persistent organic dyes under visible light irradiation (151,154,180,181) and under UV irradiation (139,182), azo dye factory wastewaters (140,162,183-185), herbicides (186-188), pesticides (152,153,189,190), insecticides (191), pharmaceuticals and wastewaters from medical laboratories (192-197), smdactants (198), industrial effluents with persistent toxic pollutants (199), industrial solvents and wastewaters (167,200), chlorinated solvents (201), and municipal wastewater (202). The photo-Fenton process was proposed to improve the biodegradability of especially biorecalcitrant wastewater, coming from textile industry, and the method was also suggested for water disinfection (203-205). 

N-Methylpyrrolidone (NMP) is used as an extraction solvent in the petrochemical industry, as a paint stripper in occupational (e.g., graffiti removal) and consumer (e.g., furniture) settings, as a solvent in the microelectronics industry, and as a chemical reaction medium. NMP enhances the penetration of topically applied pharmaceuticals and is used as a formulating agent in pigments, dyes, inks, and pesticides. It has been used increasingly as a replacement for chlorinated solvents that may pose a greater health risk. 

Quite similar to oxygen, chlorine is used as an oxidizer in a wide range of chemical processes where it is reacted with organic and inorganic compounds to produce chlorinated products or intermediates. A wide range of useful products are obtained such as bleach, metallic chlorides, reactive monomers to manufacture plastics, heat exchange fluids, chlorinated solvents and intermediates in organic synthesis to produce specialty chemicals, pesticides and pharmaceuticals. 

RCM is typically performed in chlorinated solvents or aromatic hydrocarbons and requires high dilution conditions for medium and large rings, which are the most attractive target molecules for pharmaceutical or cosmetic applications. 

Uses Intermediate for Friedel-Crafts synthesis stabilizer for chlorinated solvents fuel additive specialty solvent for coating, adhesive, and Ink formulations solvent for cellulose esters, vinyl, alkyd, other resins and waxes propellant raw material for pharmaceutical synthesis (ot-me-thyldopa, a hypertensive drug, phenylpropanolamine, in bronchial decongestants and appetite suppressants)... 

NFPA Health 1, Flammability 3, Reactivity 4 Storage Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated area out of direct sunlight store separately from incompat. materials limit quantity in storage Uses Stabilizer for chlorinated solvents chemical intermediate solvent forcellulosiccompds., polymers, waxes, coatings, printing inks, adhesives, pharmaceuticals process solvent in chem. synthesis rocket fuel gasoline additive corrosion inhibitor raw material for pharma-... 

NFPA Health 2, Flammability 1, Reactivity 0 Storage Store in clearly identified area accessible to authorized personnel only Uses Intermediate in prod, of vinylidene chloride solvent for fats, oils, waxes, resins, chlorinated rubbers, pharmaceuticals mfg. of electronic components in chem. synthesis in food-pkg. adhesives Regulatory FDA 21CFR 175.105 HAP Manuf./Distrib. Aldrich http //www.sigma-aldrich.com-, Fluka http //www.sigma-aidrich.com-. Sigma... 

Much of the commercial interest has been in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Here, the major driving force is the desire to have conpletely natural processes, which cannot contain any residual hydrocarbon or chlorinated solvents tHumphrey and Keller. 19971. Supercritical carbon dioxide has been the SCF of choice because it is natural, nontoxic, and cheap, is conpletely acceptable as a food or pharmaceutical ingredient, and often has good selectivity and capacity. Currendy, supercritical CO2 is used to extract caffeine from green coffee beans to make decaffeinated coffee. Supercritical CO2 is also used to extract flavor conpounds from hops to make a hop extract that is used in beer production. The leaching processes that were replaced were adequate in all ways except that they used solvents that were undesirable in the final product. 

Cationic surfactants = (def) Quaternary ammonium compounds that are major components in industrial and commercial formulations such as cosmetics, textile softeners, and pharmaceuticals (e.g., tetramethyl, tetrapropyl, tetrabutyl, dodecyl, cetyltrimethyl, and myristyltrimethylammonium). Chlorinated hydrocarbons = (def) (1) Chemicals containing only chlorine, carbon, and hydrogen. These include a class of persistent, broad-spectrum insecticides that linger in the environment and accumulate in the food chain. Among them are DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, chlordane, lindane, endrin, Mirex, hexachloride, and toxap-hene. Other examples include TCE, used as an industrial solvent. (2) Any chlorinated organic compound including chlorinated solvents such as dichloromethane, trichloromethylene, chloroform. 

Other products involving chlorine in their manufacturing processes include epoxy resins, polyurethanes, chlorinated solvents, refrigerants, process solvents, cellophane, wood preservatives, flame retardants, herbicides, pharmaceuticals, and explosives. 

Tertiary amyl alcohol is a chemical intermediate for producing corrosion inhibitors, additives for fuels and lubricants, peroxy esters, plasticizers, and pharmaceuticals, and has been used as a stabilizer for chlorinated solvents. Cyclohexanol is another alcoholic intermediate used in the production of pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemicals, plasticizers, rubber chemicals, and cyclohexylamine. It has been used as a stabilizer for soaps and synthetic detergents as well as a solvent for textile dyes. 

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