Chloride, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate

Conductivity detection can be applied to ionic species including all anions and cations of strong acids and bases (e.g., fluoride, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and ammonia). Ions of weaker acids and bases can be detected provided the pH value of the eluate is chosen to maximize the ionization of analytes in order to increase sensitivity. The... 

FIGURE 6 An electropherogram using detection by contactless conductivity of anions with an injection of 20 mbar for 5 s. Sample concentration (in order) 0.5 ppm bromide, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, sulfate, and fluoride and 1.0 ppm phosphate. Data courtesy of TraceDec. 

Karlson and Frankenberger [60] have developed a simple column ion-chromatographic column method for the determination of selenite in soil extracts with the simultaneous determination of chloride, nitrite, nitrate and phosphate. Separation of the anions was conducted on a low-capacity ion-exchange column, and anions were quantified by conductiometric detection. The eluent stream consisted of 1.5 mmol/1 phthalic acid and adjusted to pH 2.7 with formic acid. 

ISO. 1992. ISO norm 10304-1, publication date 1992-11. Method for determination of soluted anions fluoride, chloride, nitrite, o-phosphate, bromide, nitrate, sulphate with liquid ion chromatography Low polluted water. 

Bromide, fluoride, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, sulphate, phosphate and ammonium... 

Common anions Fluoride, chloride, bromide, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate. 

Recently, Wagner et al. [55] developed another derivatization technique for the analysis of bromate, which can be directly combined with the American EPA Method 300.1 [56]. In Part A, Method 300.1 describes the separation of the seven standard anions bromide, chloride, fluoride, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate, and in Part B the separation of bromate, bromide, chloride and chlorite on an lonPac AS9-HC high-capacity anion exchanger. The technique developed by... 

DIN 38405, Part 19 (1988) Bestimmung der Anionen Fluorid, Chlorid, Nitrit. Ortho-phosphat, Bromid, Nitrat und Sulfat in wenig bdasteten Wdssem mit der lonenchromato-graphie. 

Dissolved mineral salts The principal ions found in water are calcium, magnesium, sodium, bicarbonate, sulphate, chloride and nitrate. A few parts per million of iron or manganese may sometimes be present and there may be traces of potassium salts, whose behaviour is very similar to that of sodium salts. From the corrosion point of view the small quantities of other acid radicals present, e.g. nitrite, phosphate, iodide, bromide and fluoride, have little significance. Larger concentrations of some of these ions, notably nitrite and phosphate, may act as corrosion inhibitors, but the small quantities present in natural waters will have little effect. Some of the minor constituents have other beneficial or harmful effects, e.g. there is an optimum concentration of fluoride for control of dental caries and very low iodide or high nitrate concentrations are objectionable on medical grounds. 

H. Stamm also measured the solubilities of the salts of the alkalies in liquid ammonia —potassium hydroxide, nitrate, sulphate, chromate, oxalate, perchlorate, persulphate, chloride, bromide, iodide, carbonate, and chlorate rubidium chloride, bromide, and sulphate esesium chloride, iodide, carbonate, and sulphate lithium chloride and sulphate sodium phosphate, phosphite, hypophosphite, fluoride, chloride, iodide, bromate, perchlorate, periodate, hyponitrire, nitrite, nitrate, azide, dithionate, chromate, carbonate, oxalate, benzoate, phtnalate, isophthalate ammonium, chloride, chlorate, bromide, iodide, perchlorate, sulphate, sulphite, chromate, molybdate, nitrate, dithionate, thiosulphate, persulphate, thiocyanate, phosphate, phosphite, hypophosphite, arsenate, arsenite, amidosulphonate, ferrocyanide, carbonate, benzoate, methionate, phenylacetate, picrate, salicylate, phenylpropionate, benzoldisulphonate, benzolsulphonate, phthalate, trimesmate, mellitate, aliphatic dicarboxylates, tartrate, fumarate, and maleinate and phenol. 

In 140 water samples from the river Saale, sampled from 1986 to 1988 according to the technique described in Section 8.1.1.1, the heavy metals iron and zinc were determined using flame AAS and lead, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, and nickel by AAS with electrothermal atomization in the soluble fraction (particle diameter <0.45 pm). The sampling points, located in Thuringia (Germany), are illustrated in Fig. 8-7. The method of standard addition, with three additions, was used to minimize matrix effects. The components ammonium, chloride, magnesium, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, oxygen,... 

International Standard Organization. 2007. Water quality. Determination of dissolved anions by liquid chromatography of ions. Part 1 Determination of bromide, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and sulfate. ISO 10304-1. International Organization for Standardization, Case Postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20 Switzerland. 

Ion exclusion chromatography has been applied to the determination of the following organic compounds and anions ozonisation products, carboxylic acids phosphate, nitrite, nitrate, silicate, bicarbonate, tartrate, malate, malonate, citrate, glycollate, formate and fumarate, arsenite, arsenate, chloride, bromide, iodide, thiocyanate and sulphate carbonate and also the cation arsenic. 

The limited applications of this technique, to date include fluoride, chloride, bromide, nitrite, nitrate, sulphate, sulphide, phosphate, amino acetate, chlorodicarboxylic acids, volatile organic acids and chromium(VI). 

Bromate, chloride, bromide, nitrite, nitrate, hypophosphite (HP022 ), selenite, selenate, sulphate, phosphate, pyrophosphate, arsenate, chromate, a-hydroxybutyrate, butyrate, formate, acetate, glycolate, gluconate, valerate, a-hydroxy valerate, pyruvate, monochloroacetate, dichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, galactonurate, gluconurate, a-keto-glutarate, oxalate, fumarate, phthalate, oxalacetate, citrate, isocitrate, cis aconitate, trans aconitate, succinate, maleate, malonate, quinate, tartrate, hexane sulphonate, octane sulphonate, octane sulphate, decane sulphonate, dodecane sulphonate and dodecane sulphate... 

Oikawa and Saitoh [89] reported studies of the application of ion chromatography to the determination of fluoride, chloride, bromide, nitrite, nitrate, sulphate, sulphite and phosphate ions in 3 ml samples of rainwater. The results show that the most suitable eluent for this purpose is 2m mol L 1 sodium carbonate/5m mol L 1 sodium hydroxide. The reproducibility of the determination was satisfactory for standard solutions of all the ions except nitrite. This problem was solved by preparing standard and sample solutions with the same composition as the eluent. 

Chloride, fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and sulphate... 

Chloride, fluoride, nitrate, sulphate, nitrite and phosphate Column coupling capillary isotachoelectrophoresis - sub pg L [23]... 

Figure 4. Selectivity pattern of an ISE based on ionophore 4. The electrode was exposed to the following anions iodide (1), thiocyanate (2), salicylate (3), perchlorate (4), nitrite (5), phosphate (6), nitrate (7), sulfate (8), and chloride (9). (Adapted from ref. 14.)...

The rated indicators, on the other hand, include the content of dissolved oxygen, active chlorine, ammonia and ammonia ions, iron, manganese, aluminium, zinc, magnesium, calcium, phosphates, nitrites, nitrates, chlorides, sulphates, humin substances, all dissolved constituents, anions of tensides, copper, hydrogen carbonates and pH value. This category also includes radioactivity characterized by total volume alpha-activity, and in surface waters also by total volume beta-activity. 

The determination of common inorganic anions (fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate) and cations (sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium) was traditionally carried out using wet chemical methods such as gravimetry, titration, photometry, tmbi-dimetry, and colorimetry. 

AS 17 Low Fluoride, acetate, formate, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, sulfate, phosphate in simple matrices... 

ISO (2007) Water Quality Determination of Dissolved Anions by Liquid Chromatography of Ions. Part 1 Determination of Bromide, Chloride, Fluoride, Nitrate, Nitrite, Phosphate and Sulfete. ISO 10304-1 2007. 

---