Glutaric 2-keto

Branched chain amino acids. (B), alio isoleucine (B),. . 2-keto and 2-OH acids (U) Branched chain amino adds . (B), alio isoleucine (B),. .lactic and pyruvic (B,U), 2-keto glutaric. . . .. 2-keto 2-OH acids (U) . . 

Scheme 10.31 Reaction cycle of KG-dependent (KG = a-keto-glutarate) enzymes. Metal ligands from protein side chains and water are omitted for clarity. One of the oxygens of O2 is incorporated into succinate. The other oxygen is either incorporated into the product or reduced to water depending on the nature of the reaction.

These mechanisms for the synthesis of glycine present a partial barrier to the movement of FA carbons into this molecule, the most abimdant AA in collagen. On the other hand, proline is synthesized from a-keto glutarate which can be freely derived from either carbohydrates or FAs thus the synthesis of pro line does not present a barrier to entry ofFA-derived carbons into collagen. 

Fukumori F, RP Hausinger (1993b) Purification and characterization of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate/a-keto-glutarate dioxygenase. J Biol Chem 268 24311-24317. 

Among the mononuclear non-haem iron enzymes catalysing hydroxylation reactions (Table 2.3) we can distinguish between intramolecular dioxygenases and external mononoxygenases. The former can be divided into those which are pterin-dependent and those which use a-ketoacids such as a-keto glutarate as obligatory... 

Benzyl Methyl Ketone Beta Keto Glutaric Acid mono-Bromobenzene Butacaine... 

Answer E. Most important TPP-dependent enzymes include pyruvate dehydrogenase, a-keto-glutarate dehydrogenase, and transketolase. Transketolase is in the HMP shunt and is not strictly essential for glucose oxidation. 

This enzyme [EC 1.14.11.1], also known as y-butyrobe-taine, 2-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, catalyzes the reaction of 4-trimethylammoniobutanoate with S-keto-glutarate (or, 2-oxoglutarate) and dioxygen to yield 3-hydroxy-4-trimethylammoniobutanoate, succinate, and carbon dioxide. Both iron ions and ascorbate are needed as cofactors. 

Pinho e Melo et al. (89) employed an intramolecular miinchnone cycloaddition to constmct several l/7-pyrrolo[l,2-c]thiazole derivatives from N-acylthiazolidines and acetic anhydride. Martinelli and co-workers (90,91) employed an intramolecular miinchnone cycloaddition to craft a series of 4-keto, 5,6,7-tetrahydroindoles (168-171) in two steps. The requisite acetylenic precursors were prepared from glutaric anhydride (or 3-methylglutaric anhydride). The overall sequence is illustrated for the synthesis of 168. An electrophilic acetylenic unit appears to be necessary for successful intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. 

Cyclocondensation of 3-amino-2-methylaminopyridine 647 or 2-amino-3-methylaminopyridine 651 with 2-keto-glutaric acid gave 2-carboxyethyi-4-methylpyrido[2,3-i)]pyrazin-3(4/7)-one 652 and its 3-carboxyethyl-2(l/7)-one isomer 653, respectively (Equation 54) <1994FA259>. 

Keto glutaric aciduria 2-Keto glutaric dehydrogenase... 

Alanine, aspartate, and glutamate are synthesized by transfer of an amino group to the a-keto acids pyruvate, oxaloacetate, and a-keto-glutarate, respectively. These transamination reactions (Figure 20.12, and see p. 248) are the most direct of the biosynthetic pathways. Glutamate is unusual in that it can also be synthesized by the reverse of oxidative deamination, catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenase (see p. 249). 

A. Structure of thiamine and its cofactor form, thiamine pyrophosphate. B. Structure of intermediate formed in the reaction catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase. C. Structure of intermediate formed in the reaction catalyzed by a-keto-glutarate dehydrogenase. 

Bromate, chloride, bromide, nitrite, nitrate, hypophosphite (HP022 ), selenite, selenate, sulphate, phosphate, pyrophosphate, arsenate, chromate, a-hydroxybutyrate, butyrate, formate, acetate, glycolate, gluconate, valerate, a-hydroxy valerate, pyruvate, monochloroacetate, dichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, galactonurate, gluconurate, a-keto-glutarate, oxalate, fumarate, phthalate, oxalacetate, citrate, isocitrate, cis aconitate, trans aconitate, succinate, maleate, malonate, quinate, tartrate, hexane sulphonate, octane sulphonate, octane sulphate, decane sulphonate, dodecane sulphonate and dodecane sulphate... 

Amino acids get used up (making proteins, for example) so, to keep life going, ammonia must be brought in from somewhere. The key amino acid in this link is glutamic acid. A true reductive animation using NADPH and ammonia builds glutamic acid from a-keto-glutaric acid. 

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