Chlamydia infections

Bachmaier K, Neu N, de la Maza LM, Pal S, Hessel A, Penninger JM. Chlamydia infections and heart disease linked through antigenic mimicry. Science 1999 283[5406] 1335-1339. 

The most effective agent in the treatment of Rickettsia, Mycoplasma, and Chlamydia infections is... 

Chlamydia infection can be transmitted at birth to the neonate and cause conjunctivitis and a subacute, afebrile pneumonia with onset at 1 to 3 months. 

Kobayashi, T Ueda, M., Araki, H., Toyoda, K., Ohmori, K., and Sawaragi, I. (1987) Immunocytochemical demonstration of chlamydia infection in the nro-genital tracts. Diag. Cytopathol. 3, 303-306. 

Unlabeled Uses Chlamydia infection, nonspecific urethritis, peptic ulcer... 

The answer is b. (Hardman, p 1128.) Tetracycline is one of the drugs of choice in the treatment of Rickettsia, Mycoplasma, and Chlamydia infections. The antibiotics that act by inhibiting cell-wall synthesis have no effect on Mycoplasma because the organism does not possess a cell wall penicillin G, vancomycin, and bacitracin will be ineffective. Gentamicin has little or no antimicrobial activity with these organisms. 

Treatment failures are usually caused by reinfection and necessitate patient education and sex-partner referral additional treatment regimens for gonorrhea and chlamydia infections should be administered. Epididymitis should be treated for todays (see Table 121-8... 

Although the clinical usefulness of tetracyclines is limited for most of the common microbial pathogens, they remain drugs of choice (or very effective alternative therapy) for a wide variety of infections caused by less common pathogens. These include brucellosis rickettsial infections such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhus, and Q fever Mycoplasma pneumonia cholera plague Ureaplasma urethritis Chlamydia infections and Lyme disease. Oral doxycycline, 100 mg orally twice a day for 7 days, is a recommended treatment for chlamydial sexually transmitted disease. 

Azithromycin achieves high concentrations in tissues relative to those in plasma. It remains largely unmetabolised and is excreted in the bile and faeces (t) 50h). Azithromycin is used to treat respiratory tract and soft tissue infections, and sexually transmitted diseases, especially genital Chlamydia infections. Gastrointestinal effects (9%) are less than with erythromycin but diarrhoea, nausea and abdominal pain occur. In view of its high hepatic excretion use in patients with liver disease should be avoided. Interactions see erythromycin (above). 

Asymptomatic bacteriuria is a common finding, particnlarly among those 65 years of age and older, when there is significant bacteriuria (>10 bacteria/mL of urine) in the absence of symptoms. Symptomatic abacteriuria or acute urethral syndrome consists of symptoms of frequency and dysuria in the absence of significant bacteriuria. This syndrome is commonly associated with Chlamydia infections. 

All recommended treatment regimens for gonorrhea also include antibiotic therapy directed against Chlamydia because of the high prevalence of coexisting Chlamydia infections in patients diagnosed with gonorrhea. 

Pollmann M, Nordhoff M, Pospisdul A, Tedin K, Wider LH (2005) Effect of a probiotic strain of Enterococcus faecium on the rate of natural chlamydia infection in swine. Infect Immun 73 4346 353... 

Kobayashi T, Ueda M, Araki H, Toyoda K, Ohmori K, Sawaragi I (1987) Immunocytochemical demonstration of chlamydia infection in the urogenital tracts. Diagn Cytopathol 3 303-306... 

E. S. Stuart, S. M. Tirrell, and A. B. MacDonald, Characterization of an antigen secreted by Chlamydia-infected cell culture, Immunology, 61 (1987) 527-533. 

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