Liquid chip-based

Very low flow electrospray is called nanoelectrospray [26] where the samples are infused into the mass spectrometer at the nanoliter flow rate range. The infusion of a few microliters will result in a stable signal for more then 30 min, using pulled capillaries or chip-based emitters [27]. With infusion, signal averaging allows to improve the limit of detection in tandem mass spectrometry. Nanoelectrospray is particularly important in combination with nanoflow liquid chromatography or chip-based infusion for the analysis of peptides and proteins. 

Hopfgartner, G. The combination of liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and chip-based infusion for improved screening and characterization of drug metabolites. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2005, 19, 618-626. 

Cai, Z.-X., Q. Fang, H.-W. Chen, and Z.-L. Fang. 2006. A microfluidic chip based liquid-liquid extraction system with microporous membrane. Anal. Chim. Acta 556 151-156. 

Solid electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries are expected to offer several advantages over traditional, nonaqueous liquid electrolytes. A solid electrolyte would give a longer shelf life, along with an enhancement in specific energy density. A solid electrolyte may also eliminate the need for a distinct separator material, such as the polypropylene or polyethylene microporous separators commonly used in contemporary liquid electrolyte-based batteries. Solid electrolytes are also desirable over liquid electrolytes in certain specialty applications where bulk lithium-ion batteries as weU as thin-film lithium-ion batteries are needed for primary and backup power supplies for systems, devices, and individual integrated circuit chips. 

At the millimetre scale, gravity, friction, combustion and electrostatic forces predominate. At the micrometer scale, it is mainly electrostatic forces, van der Waals forces and Brownian motion that are at work. Forces related to volume, like weight and inertia, tend to decrease in significance while forces related to surface area, such as friction and electrostatics, tend to increase in significance. Surface tension, which depends upon an edge, and viscosity both become very significant and impact hugely on the movement of liquids as discussed in the previous section. Hence, sometimes these processes can aid the development of chip-based devices while in other cases they present limitations. 

Aluminium liquid Aluminium paint Coating solution, 3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 Compound, enamel Driers, paint or varnish, liquid, n.o.s. Driers, paint or varnish, solid, n.o.s. Enamel Filler, liquid Ink, printer s, flammable Lacquer Lacquer base, liquid Lacquer base or lacquer chips, plastic, wet with alcohol or solvent Lacquer base, solution, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 Lacquer, liquid Paint driers Paint (including paint, lacquer, enamel, stain, shellac, varnish, polish, liquid filler and liquid lacquer base), 3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3,... 

The development and application of chip-based solvent extraction is gradually expanding as shown in this chapter. With methods for surface modification, the liquid-liquid interface in a microchannel can be stabilized, and so special techniques for solvent extraction are not required. Therefore, since solvent extraction is one of the basic chemical processes, it is expected that it will be used more often in the future. 

Chen, H., Fang, Q., Yin, X.-F. and Fang, Z.-L., Microfluidic chip-based liquid-liquid extraction and preconcentration using a subnanoliter-droplet trapping technique. Lab Chip, 5, 719, 2005. 

The basic idea of on-chip DNA hybridization assays is to integrate assay operations such as sequential sample loading, transportation, mixing, incubation, and detection on a single microfluidic chip. Although the microfluidics-based DNA hybridization assays share the same basic principle, the formats of these assays vary. Generally, the present-day formats of the on-chip DNA hybridization assays remain the main types directed liquid flow-based on-chip DNA hybridization assays, surface-based on-chip DNA hybridization assays, bead-based on-chip DNA hybridization assays, and the on-chip DNA hybridization assays with membrane/film-based transducer. 

Directed Liquid Fiow-Based On-Chip DNA Hybridization Assays... 

Several research efforts on directed liquid flow-based on-chip DNA hybridization assays have been reported. 

Fluid Metering, Fig. 10 Schematic of a chip-based volumetric microflow rate calibrator. Electrode nodes are used to detect a liquid/air or liquidAiquid interface passing through the microchannel... 

Microfluidic chip-based electrochromatography (p-CEC), stemming from capillary electrochromatography (CEC), is a powerful separation technique combining the versatility offered by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with the high separation efficiency of... 

In the second approach, both fight and liquids are guided through the same physical fluidic chatmels. This appears difficult to achieve at first because the low refractive index of typical analyte liquids (aroimd 1.3—1.4) precludes the use of conventional index guiding as used in silica fibers, fii the context of chip-based integratiOTi, two methods to solve this problem have recently been developed. Liquid-core/fiquid-cladding... 

Li XC, Wu J, Liu AQ, Li ZG, Soew YC, Huang HJ, Xu K, Lin JT (2008) A liquid waveguide based evanescent wave sensor integrated onto a microfluidic chip. Appl Phys Lett 93 193901 1-193901 3... 

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