Chinese growth

With populations and markets as large as these, India and China cannot be ignored by pharmaceutical companies. In China, home of well-regarded traditional medicines. Western medicines now outsell traditional remedies three- to four-fold. The Chinese growth in Western pharmaceutical sales is the fastest in the world (estimated at 15% annually or US 24 billion) and is predicted to rank fifth in 2010. India s pharmaceutical market is estimated at US 5 billion, with more than US 1.2 billion exported as APIs, representing more than 60% of the total API output. 

Problems associated with excessive levels of nutrients and unwanted nuisance species have already been mentioned. There are cases in which intentional fertilization is used by aquaculturists in order to produce desirable types of natural food for the species under culture. Examples of this approach include inorganic fertilizer appHcations in ponds to promote phytoplankton and zooplankton blooms that provide food for young fish such as channel catfish, the development of algal mats through fertilization of milkfish ponds, and the use of organic fertilizers (from Hvestock and human excrement) in Chinese carp ponds to encourage the growth of phytoplankton, macrophytes, and benthic invertebrates. In the latter instance, various species of carp with different food habits are stocked to ensure that all of the types of natural foods produced as a result of fertilization are consumed. 

Hsu J-T, Ying C, Lan H-C. 1998. The effects of pesticides chlordane, dieldrin and endosulfan on the growth of human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and SK-BR-3. J Chinese Agri Chem Soc 36(6) 535-546. 

Yang, H. Chen, D. Cui, Q. C. Yuan, X. Dou, Q. P. Celatrol, a triterpene extracted from the Chinese thunder of god vine is a potent proteasome inhibitor and suppresses human prostate cancer growth in nude mice. Cancer Res. 2006, 66, 4758 -765. 

Artemisia stelleriana Bess., or dusty miller sagewort, beach wormwood old woman, or pai hao, fan, lu (Chinese), is a shrub that grows to 1.20 m in Japan, Korea, China, and Siberia. The whole plant is covered with a glaucous indumentum. The leaves are compound, and the lobes are rounded. The flowers are small, yellowish, and packed in globose capitula (Fig. 53). The medicinal values of Artemisia stelleriana Bess, were mentioned by Su Sung (11th century). It has been used internally for food, as carminative, to promote the growth of hair, and to stimulate mental faculties, and externally it provides a remedy for ulcers. 

Although plant cell culture is not as cost effective as plant cultivation in the open field, it will become an economical process if higher protein yields can be achieved [58]. The cultivation medium of plants is chemically defined, consisting of a carbon source, minerals, vitamins and phytohormones [69]. Furthermore, it is protein-free and relatively inexpensive. In contrast, animal cells often require complex supplements such as fetal calf serum and/or expensive growth factors, although serum-free cultivation is possible in case of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells [70]. 

Yantian, L. 1989. Effect of zinc on the growth and development of larvae of bay scallop Argopecten irradians. Chinese Jour. Oceanol. Limnol. 7 318-326. 

Ho, C.M., T.R. Hsu, J.Y. Wu, and C.H. Wang. 1987. Effect of dimilin, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, on the growth and development of larvae of Aedes albopictus Skuse. Chinese Jour. Entomol. 7 131-141. 

Ehrlich, E. 1990. The effect of pentachlorophenol and its metabolite tetrachlorohydroquinone on cell growth and the induction of DNA damage in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mutat. Res. 244 299-302. 

Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHOC) show 50% growth reduction at 0.3 mg/L... 

Belton, J.C., N.C. Benson, M.L. Hanna, and R.T. Taylor. 1985. Growth inhibitory and cytotoxic effects of three arsenic compounds on cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells. Jour. Environ. Sci. Health 20A 37-72. 

The orsellinic acid derivative lasiodiplodin 84 and its de-O-methyl congener are found, i.a., in the roots of Arnebia euchroma, a plant which is used in traditional Chinese medicine. These compounds elicit diverse biological responses as inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesis, cyctotoxic agents, and plant growth regulators. 

Fu YF, Meng FJ (1994) Zearalenone in growth and development of winter wheat. Acta Agronomica Sinica 20 271-276 (Chinese, Engl, summ.)... 

Chinese hamster ovary cells in which there has been an extensive rearrangement of chromosome material and the chromosome number may not be constant from cell to cell, are frequently used. Polyploidy, endoreduplication and high spontaneous chromosome aberration frequencies can sometimes be found in these established cell lines, but careful cell culture techniques should minimize such effects. Cells should be treated in exponential growth when cells are in all stages of the cell cycle. 

The level of U.S. consumption is about 110 times that of the Chinese level for plastics and 180 times for ethylene. Given the absolute shortage of resources relative to its population, China will not be able to attain the level of petrocivilization enjoyed by the U.S., nor is China likely to try. If China s economic planners can quadruple the consumption levels of ethylene (to 1.2 kg/cap) and plastics (2.4 kg/cap) by 1985 (implying an annual growth rate of 32%), they will have done well. 

VoeUcer, D.R., and Erazler, J.L., 1986, Isolation and characterization of a Chinese hamster ovary ceU line requiring ethanolamine or phosphatidylserine for growth and exhibiting defective phosphatidylserine synthase activity. J. Biol. Chem. 261 1002-1008. 

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