China share

United States had to start relating to Communist China not as a regime but as a legitimate state and a major power. The United States had to recognize that in addition to sovereignty and security, China shared the very concerns about prestige, position, and influence with which the United States itself was so preoccupied. 

Outside of the United States, there are six primary producers in China, France, Mexico, Morocco, South Africa, and Spain. Mines in Newfoundland, Canada, were closed in 1990. Both Mexico and South Africa have lost market share to China which has high grade, low cost fluorspar. China is expected to dominate world markets because reserves are vast and production cost is low. Table 3 (2) shows a Hst of world producers by country of fluorspar in the early 1990s. 

The largest share of molybdenum supply comes from North America, once the only significant source. Sizeable amounts also come from Latin America (mosdy Chile), China, and countries of the former Soviet Union. 

About 1.5 billion hectares of crop land are planted for annual crops and permanent crops. About one third of the arable and permenant crop-land is located in the United States, India, and China. Out of 1.5 billion hectares, 263 million hectares arc irrigated. Irrigated lands in China and India account for the largest share—about 110 million hectares. 

All of the world s major economies, as well as scores of smaller, low-income nations, rely mainly on hydrocarbons. Crude oil now supplies two-fifths of the world s primary energy (Table 1). There are distinct consumption patterns in the shares of light and hea vy oil products the United States burns more than 40 percent of all its liquid fuels as gasoline, Japan just a fifth and the residual fuel oil accounts for nearly a third of Japanese use, but for less than 3 percent of the U.S. total. Small countries of the Persian Gulf have the highest per capita oil consumption (more than 5 t a year in the United Arab Emirates and in Qatar) the U.S. rate is more than 2.5 t a year European means arc around 1 t China s mean is about 120 kg, and sub-Saharan Africa is well below 100 kg per capita. 

Sion in energy-intensive industry, such as China and India, show relatively unchanging shares of industrial energy use. In other countries, such as Thailand and Mexico, the share and/or growth of the transportation sector dominate. Many smaller countries have remained primarily agrarian societies with modest manufacturing infrastructure. 

Only 10 firms account for 75% of agrochemicals sales, while the 15 largest drug companies have a market share of only 33% (Stinson, 1995). About 85% of fine chemicals are manufactured by companies of the triad the United States (28%), Western Europe (39%), and Japan (17%). Italy, with 4.0 million litres reactor capacity and 71 manufacturers, topped the European fine chemicals industry (Layman, 1993). Recently India, China, and Eastern-Central European countries have gained a significant proportion of the market, as a result of the lower direct labour costs and the more relaxed environmental and safety standards. It is fair to state that the high quality of chemists in these countries has also contributed to this development. In 1993, the cost of producing fine chemicals in India was 12% below that in Europe (Layman, 1993). 

Kaolin, China clay, terra alba, argille, porcelain clay, and white bole are the generic names used to refer to primary clays that include three distinct white minerals - kaolinite, nacrite, and dickite - all of which share a very similar composition but differ slightly in their structure. Kaolin is rarely found pure, but as a natural mixture with other varieties of clay together, the various clays make up over 95% of the total weight of the mixture, other earthy... 

Meanwhile, chemical innovation goes on. Expectations are set, confidences shared, submissions to Government made, and work proceeds normally with research and development. A new social policy favoring disclosure may be in the works, while somewhere in China a factory manager is wondering what mysterious measures the Western Countries will come up with next. This worldwide concern will be with us for years to come. 

Figure 3.8 shows the major oil trade movements (imports and exports) in 2006 13.8 Gb of crude oil and 4.4 Gb of oil products were traded worldwide, around 60% of world crude oil production. In 2005, the USA and Europe each accounted for 27% of total imports (crude oil plus products), followed by Japan with 10% and China with 7%. The most important export regions were the Middle East with 40% of total exports, followed by Russia with 14% and West Africa (Nigeria) with 9%. While pipelines dominate the transport of oil within the continents, and countries, tanker transport dominates intercontinental transport (Middle East to Europe, Asia and America, Africa to Europe and America, and South America to North America) with a share of 75% to 80% (BGR, 2003). 

Of the 25% share of coal in world primary energy supply, hard coal makes up around 90% (BGR, 2007). Owing to its high calorific value, the main use of hard coal is for electricity generation (60% of world hard coal production), 16% is used for steel making, and the rest in other industries and households. While in the EU25 around one third of the electricity is produced by (hard) coal, this share amounts to 50% in the United States, 70% in India, 80% in China, 85% in Australia, 90% in South Africa and 93% in Poland. 

While fuel-efficient diesel vehicles represent roughly 50% of passenger cars in the EU (with a rapidly growing share), their shares in the USA are still less than 10%, and in China even more negligible with less than 5%. 

American traders who have been visiting China since the Chinese opened the door to the US continue to meet their share of frustrations. The Chinese are only now allowing foreigners to deal with end-users of the products, but trade continues to be conducted "Chinese style"—that is, the Chinese reluctantly enter into long-term contracts—but there is still an absence of a conventional legal system in which to conduct trade. 

In China, it is expected that companies are much smaller than in industrialized countries. For example, China is the leader for PE films but production is shared between about 10000 companies. 

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