China polymers

In China, polymers are generally considered to be of low concern and most existing polymers are not regulated [166]. Polyethylene (CAS 9002-88-4) is on the lECSC [41] as an existing chemical. 

Vinal fibers, or poly(vinyl alcohol) fibers, are not made in the United States, but the fiber is produced commercially in Japan, Korea, and China where the generic name vinylon is used. These materials are the subject of this article (see also Vinyl polymers, vinyl alcohol polymers). 

Fibers (see Fibers, survey) used in textile production can have a wide variety of origins plants, ie, ceUulosic fibers (see Fibers, cellulose esters) animals, ie, protein fibers (see Wool) and, in the twentieth century, synthetic polymers. Depending on the part of the plant, the ceUulosic fibers can be classified as seed fibers, eg, cotton (qv), kapok bast fibers, eg, linen from flax, hemp, jute and leaf fibers, eg, agave. Protein fibers include wool and hair fibers from a large variety of mammals, eg, sheep, goats, camels, rabbits, etc, and the cocoon material of insect larvae (sUk). Real sUk is derived from the cocoon of the silkworm, Bombjx mori and for a long time was only produced in China, from which it was traded widely as a highly valuable material. 

A second field evaluation of the ASP process has been initiated in Wyoming. Additionally, an ASP field project has been designed for the Peoples Repubhc of China. The appHcability of the ASP process to a variety of reservoirs has yet to be fully determined. AppHcation of alkali and alkali polymer flooding has been limited to cmde oils having discernible acid numbers, wherein the alkali produced cmde oil soaps which in combination with alkali resulted in providing low interfacial tensions. The ASP process appears to be suitable for cmde oils with nil acid numbers (177), and hence should have broad apphcabdity. 

J. Ouyang, E. Wang, and Z. Shen, Pwceedings of China-U.S. Bilateral Symposium on Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Science Press, Van Nostrand Reinbold Co., New York, 1981, p. 382. 

Particulate fillers are divided into two types, inert fillers and reinforcing fillers. The term inert filler is something of a misnomer as many properties may be affected by incorporation of such a filler. For example, in a plasticised PVC compound the addition of an inert filler will reduce die swell on extrusion, increase modulus and hardness, may provide a white base for colouring, improve electrical insulation properties and reduce tackiness. Inert fillers will also usually substantially reduce the cost of the compound. Amongst the fillers used are calcium carbonates, china clay, talc, and barium sulphate. For normal uses such fillers should be quite insoluble in any liquids with which the polymer compound is liable to come into contact. 

M. Jiang, Physical Chemistry of Polymer Alloys, Sicuan Educational Press, China (1988). 

X. D. Feng, Preprints, China-Japan Bilateral Symposium on the Synthesis and Materials Science of Polymers, October 21-24, 1984, Beijing, China, p. 13. 

This chapter focuses on recent developments in rheological and mechanical examinations of TLCP blends. Although most of the data presented are taken from actual works done at the Institute of Polymers and Processing of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, this is merely a matter of accessibility and in no way implies that this data is the best or only data of this nature available. 

Wei-Xiao Cao Institute of Polymer Science, Peking University, Beijing, China... 

Eman Mohamed El-Nesr National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Cairo, Egypt Mustafa Ersoz Department of Chemistry, Sel uk University, Konya, Turkey Xin-De Feng Institute of Polymer Science, Peking University, Beijing, China... 

Xiao-Su Yi Institute of Polymers and Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China... 

Brandt [200] has extracted tri(nonylphenyl) phosphite (TNPP) from a styrene-butadiene polymer using iso-octane. Brown [211] has reported US extraction of acrylic acid monomer from polyacrylates. Ultrasonication was also shown to be a fast and efficient extraction method for organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticisers [212]. Greenpeace [213] has recently reported the concentration of phthalate esters in 72 toys (mostly made in China) using shaking and sonication extraction methods. Extraction and analytical procedures were carefully quality controlled. QC procedures and acceptance criteria were based on USEPA method 606 for the analysis of phthalates in water samples [214]. Extraction efficiency was tested by spiking blank matrix and by standard addition to phthalate-containing samples. For removal of fatty acids from the surface of EVA pellets a lmin ultrasonic bath treatment in isopropanol is sufficient [215]. It has been noticed that the experimental ultrasonic extraction conditions are often ill defined and do not allow independent verification. 

Current address Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University, People s Republic of China... 

Various finishes can be achieved — gloss, satin (or egg-shell) or matt. This is accomplished by the addition of particles of size 1-5 pm of, for example, silica, china clay or the white pigment, TiCK The degree of mattness depends on various factors, such as particle size, surface treatment of the particles, rate of film formation, and the polymer composition, e.g., urethane/acrylate compared with epoxy/acrylate. The former requires smaller particles larger particles cannot be used as they create a rough surface. 

Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices South China University of Technology Guangzhou, China... 

Chemical research in general and polymer research in particular are highly application-oriented, concerned with quotidian problem-solving, and the generation of production processes leading to the improvement of products. In the polymer area, there is not much theoretical work, and there is no basic research in the sense we know it. Synthetic polymer work in China is highly... 

The major producers of VAM and VAM-based polymers include, but are not limited to, BP of the UK and Wacker Chemie of Germany. Celanese Chemicals, Dow Chemical Corp., DuPont and Millenium are important USA-based producers. In Asia, Kuraray, Nippon Gohsei and Showa Denko of Japan Dairen Chemical and Asian Acetyls of Taiwan and Shanghai Petrochemical and Sichuan Vinylon Works of China produce VAM and their polymers. These regions are also the major markets for the different products obtained from PVAc and its derivatives. 

Institute of Polymer Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China. 

Minerals. The polymer used in this study is partially hydrolysed polyacrylamide (HPAM), supplied by Allied Colloids Ltd, Low Moor, Bradford, West Yorkshire, England, UK. Approximately 10mol% of the monomer units are hydrolysed and are present as sodium acrylate with a polyacrylamide-coacrylate copolymer having a molecular mass of approximately 6 x lO D. The study minerals quartz, kaolinite and feldspar were collected from the Lee Moor China Clay Pit in Devon, UK. Mica was obtained in sheet form from Agar Scientific. 

Industries [3], Six other DCC units are in operation with a total operating experience of more than 50 years. Total licensed capacity is about 20 MMTA. Two major grassroots units currently under construction were licensed to the joint venture of Saudi Aramco Sumitomo, and to JSC Taneco, Nizhnekamsk, to produce polymer grade propylene as shown in Table 8.2. In addition, RIPP Sinopec recently licensed three DCC units in China and Shaw licensed two DCC units in India. 

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