Children sensitivity

Pajno GB, Morabito L, Barberio G, Parmiani S Clinical and immunology effects of long-term sublingual immunotherapy in asthmatic children sensitized to mites A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Allergy 2000 55 842-849. 

The large body of epidemiological studies have clearly shown that allergic rhinitis and asthma are frequent diseases, and that both diseases obviously still increase in prevalence [4, 5]. However, without any doubt, there is a direct link between rhinitis and asthma. Several studies in a large number of patients have clearly shown that rhinitis sufferers have a 3- to 7-fold increased risk to also develop asthma within 7 years compared to normal controls. Most of this development actually lies in the early years of childhood, as was recently shown in the MAS and PAT studies [6, 7], In the first study, 5-year-old children sensitized to pollen with allergic rhinitis symptoms developed asthma within 2 years... 

Use of Uncertainty Factors that Account for Children s Exposures. Several panelists asked about the need for including additional uncertainty factors that account for childrens sensitivity... 

Monnery-Patris, S., Rouby, C., Nicklaus, S. and Issanchou, S. (2009) Development of olfactory ability in children sensitivity and identification, Developmental Psychobiology, 51, 268-276. 

Fisher AA, Dooms-Goossens A (1976) The effect of perfume ageing on the allergenicity of individual perfume ingredients. Contact Dermatitis 2 155-159 Fisher AA (1980) Perfume dermatitis. Part 1. General considerations and testing procedures. Cutis 26 458-463,477 Fisher AA (1990) Perfume dermatitis in children sensitized to balsam of Peru in topical agents. Cutis 45 21-23 Fisher AA (1995) Consort contact dermatitis due to musk ambrette. Cutis 55 199-200... 

A 7-year-old asthmatic child, sensitive to timothy grass, used inhaled cromoglicate for 1 week and developed cyanosis, hypotension, and cardiopulmonary arrest. IgE involvement was demonstrated by passive transfer of the patient s serum to the mother (5). 

Interview of child and parent(s), being sensitive to the emotional consequences of the enuresis... 

The packaging systems used were discussed in some detail in several EPARs. The number of products requiring a desiccant of some type is quite a high proportion of the total. In many cases both blister packs (of various compositions) and bottles (glass or plastics) were used for the same product. Effectiveness in protecting light-sensitive active ingredients and products is mentioned in the EPARs. Child resistance and tamper evidence is also mentioned. 

Children are more sensitive to the effects of lead than adults. Lead affects children in different ways depending how much lead a child swallows. A child who swallows large amounts of lead... 

In the case of noncarcinogenic substances, there exists a threshold this is an exposure with a dose below which there would not be adverse effect on the population that is exposed. This is the reference dose (RfD), and it is defined as the daily exposure of a human population without appreciable effects during a lifetime. The RfD value is calculated by dividing the no observed effect level (NOEL) by uncertainty factors. When NOEL is unknown, the lowest observed effect level (LOEL) is used. NOEL and LOEL are usually obtained in animal studies. The main uncertainty factor, usually tenfold, used to calculate the RfD are the following the variations in interspecies (from animal test to human), presence of sensitive individuals (child and old people), extrapolation from subchronic to chronic, and the use of LOEL instead of NOEL. Noncancer risk is assessed through the comparison of the dose exposed calculated in the exposure assessment and the RfD. The quotient between both, called in some studies as hazard quotient, is commonly calculated (Eq. 2). According to this equation, population with quotient >1 will be at risk to develop some specific effect related to the contaminant of concern. 

A glucocorticoid-resistance model has been proposed to provide an explanation for how stress might influence diseases in which excessive inflammation is observed (e.g., allergies, autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and cardiovascular disease). In these cases, chronic stress diminishes the immune system s sensitivity to glucocorticoids that normally terminate the inflammatory response. For example, in a study of a group of 50 parents caring for a child undergoing treatment for pediatric cancer, whole blood of parents of cancer patients exhibited a lesser dexamethasone-dependent suppression of IL-6 production in vitro compared to parents of medically healthy children.94... 

I m extremely sensitive to stress and other people s emotional energy. It s like I have radar. I think that s part of my problem. I was always sensitive as a child, but I didn t realize how sensitive. Right now it s a detriment because I turn it inward and can t turn it off. But it s a gift that I m trying to develop in a positive direction. 

Certain Investigators, however, have expressed interest in the matter recently. The possibility that a history of asthma may increase the probability of an acute byssinotic reaction to cotton dust is suggested by a paper by Hamilton et al. ( ). The senior author of this paper had had asthma as a child. Promptly after exposure to the air in a dusty part of a cotton mill he exhibited pronounced shortness of breath with tightness in the chest and accompanying major temporary decreases in FEVi and arterial oxygen tension. The episode is described as "byssinosis". The authors remark It is unlikely that many textile workers with an initial response to cotton dust such as the one described here would remain working in dusty areas." Although the authors state that "It is not possible from the present study to conclude that a prior history of atopy confers sensitivity to cotton dust", the present writers were left with the impression that the authors suspect that such may be the case. 

The concept that infants and children may be a sensitive subgroup relates to their relative immaturity compared to adults. Children, as well as the unborn child, have in some cases appeared to be uniquely vulnerable to toxic effects of chemicals because periods of rapid growth and development render them more susceptible to some specific toxic effects when compared to adults. In addition to such toxicodynamic factors, differences in toxicokinetics may contribute to an increased susceptibility during these periods. It should be noted, however, that during the developmental and maturational periods the susceptibility to exposure to xenobiotics in children may be higher, equal, or even lower than in adults. Except for a few specific substances, not very much is known about whether and why the response to a substance may differ between age groups. It should also be borne in mind that, in terms of risk assessment, children are not simply small adults, but rather a unique population (Nielsen et al. 2001). 

To ensure the health and well-being of our children and all life we must protect the genetic potential of the individual. Even a low level of lead exposure during childhood may rob the child of its genetic potential. The concept of dose-response must be expanded to include the sensitive individual and protecting genetic potential. 

Vaccines may have the potential to cause immunotoxicty (10). The immature immune system of the child may be more sensitive to such effects than that of the adult (II). Developmental immunotoxicity may result, for instance, in a persistent immune depression or a skewed balance between the innate and acquired... 

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