Chewed seeds

Cholingeric Calabar bean Physostigma venenosum Physostigmine in ripe seeds Cholinergic toxicity Chewing seeds releases more physostigimine... 

Symptoms initially expected after ingestions of leaves or a chewed seed are dizziness, dry mouth, and mydriasis, which develop rapidly. Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain follow these symptoms. A rash may appear, and facial pallor and cyanosis or reddish discoloration of the lips may occur. This is followed by generalized muscle weakness and drowsiness leading to coma. Seizures are also possible. 

Ornamental plum (chewed seeds) Prunus spp 1 Cyanogenic glycosides (see p 177)... 

Cola acuminata S. Seed Cola nitida Cocoa pod/cocoa beans West Africa Soft drinks, chewing nuts Kola tea 1.5... 

Areca (Areca catechu) is a palm tree that grows up to 30 meters in height (Gruenwald et al. 1998 Robbers et al. 1996). It is cultivated in India, southeast Asia, the East Indies, and East Africa. It grows green leaflets and numerous flowers. The fruit of the areca palm is a nut that contains a single seed and a thin seed coat (figure 4.10). Areca is chewed alone or... 

Foon-Chew How, A Dictionary of the Families and Genera of Chinese Seed Plants 2nd ed. p. 43. Science Press, Beijing, China, 1985. 

Chinese hamster ovary cells. The number of aberrant metaphases increased in cultures with 15 mL tobacco extract per milliliter of growth media Water extract of the dried leaf, administered to mice at a dose of 9.40 g/kg, 6 days a week for 10 months, was active on bone marrow. A combination of Piper betle, Areca catechu, and Nicotiana tabacum was used . Seed, administered orally to adults with oral cancer and oral submucosal fibrosis and to healthy chewers, was active. An average of 6 quids of tobacco leaf, Areca nuts, and lime were chewed daily T . ... 

Folklore Kola is traditionally used in tonics for exhaustion and poor appetite. The tannins have an astringent effect in cases of diarrhoea. In the countries of origin the seed is ground as a condiment for food and chewed before meals to promote good digestion (Bown, 2003 British Herbal Medicine Association, 1983 Gruenwald et al., 2002 Tierra, 1998). 

Nicotinic acid undoubtedly provides the basic skeleton for some other alkaloids. Ricinine (Figure 6.35) is a 2-pyridone structure and contains a nitrile grouping, probably formed by dehydration of a nicotinamide derivative. This alkaloid is a toxic constituent of castor oil seeds (Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae), though the toxicity of the seeds results mainly from the polypeptide ricin (see page 434). Arecoline (Figure 6.36) is found in Betel nuts (Areca catechu Palmae/Arecaceae) and is a tetrahydronicotinic acid derivative. Betel nuts are chewed in India and Asia for the stimulant effect of arecoline. 

Areca nuts (betel nuts) are the seeds of Areca catechu (Palmae/Arecaceae), a tall palm cultivated in the Indian and Asian continents. These nuts are mixed with lime, wrapped in leaves of the betel pepper (Piper betle) and then chewed for their stimulant effect, and subsequent feeling of well-being and mild intoxication. The teeth and saliva of chewers stain bright red. The major stimulant alkaloid is arecoline (up to 0.2%) (Figure 6.36), the remainder of the alkaloid content (total about 0.45%) being composed of related reduced pyridine... 

Evening primrose contains gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), an essential fatty acid that supports the production of prostaglandins and thus helps maintain hormonal balance. It is approved in Britain to treat premenstrual syndrome. Native American women chewed evening primrose seeds to alleviate premenstrual and menstrual discomfort (see Chapter 59). 

Many of the folk-medicinal uses of the New Zealand tea tree oils are related to both species, e.g., the leaves of Manuka and Kanuka were used as vapor baths for colds an infusion was very astringent and various uses were found for concoctions including urinary complaints and as a febrifuge. Kanuka was applied to scalds and bums, used to stop coughing, and as a sedative it was also used against dysentery. The decoction of boiled leaves and bark was used to treat stiff backs, etc. Seed capsules were boiled to yield a decoction to apply externally to treat inflammation or to drink for diarrhea the capsules or leaves were also chewed for dysentery. The water from boiled bark was used for treating inflamed breasts and also to treat mouth, throat, and eye problems. 

In addition to smoking marijuana, some of the more daring users tried hashish. This stronger drug, which is usually chewed or smoked, is made by drying the resin produced in the tops of female marijuana plants before the seeds form. Hashish is not as popular in the United States as marijuana, but it was part of the drug scene long ago and continues to be so, especially in India..—... 

Usage Seeds are chewed or ground and boiled in water, 1 tbsp./cup. 

Usage 5-10 grams of seeds are thoroughly chewed and swallowed or may be thoroughly ground and soaked in 1/2 cup water for half an hour, strained and drunk. 

Usage 1 oz. seeds are thoroughly chewed and swallowed. Most effective when combined with other psychotropic materials, especially those containing tropanes. 

Cardamom is also used internally for indigestion, nausea, vomiting and pulmonary disease with copious phlegm and also as a laxative to prevent stomach pain and griping, as well as flatulence. The seeds are also chewed to sweeten the breath and taken to detoxify caffeine in people drinking excessive amounts of coffee. 

Fennel seeds are sometimes confused with aniseed, which is very similar in taste and appearance, though smaller. Indians often chew fennel seed as a mouth-freshener. Fennel is also used as a flavouring in natural toothpaste. Some people employ it as a diuretic, while others use it to improve the milk supply of breastfeeding mothers. 

Control of sucking and chewing insects by soil, foliar and seed application on rice, fruit, and vegetables... 

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