Pepper betel

Betel-nuss, /. betel nut. -pfeffer, m. betel pepper, betel. 

Nuts have many uses, both industrial and domestic. For instance, the ivory nut, or tagua, is a source material for the manufacture of buttons and turnery articles. The kola nut supplies ingredients for popular cola beverages in the United States (see Carbonated beverages). StTychnos nux-vomica provides the important medicine and poison, strychnine. The areca or betel nut is chewed by the Indian and Malayan people as a narcotic a slice of the nut is placed in a leaf of the pepper plant Piper betle) together with a pinch of lime the mixture is an acrid, astringent narcotic that dyes the mouth red, blackens and destroys the teeth. The areca nut contains, among other alkaloids, arecoline, an active anthelminthic widely used in veterinary practice for the treatment of tapeworm infections. 

This sesquiterpene, or mixture of sesquiterpenes, is found to a considerable extent in nature, especially in clove oil, pimento oil, pepper oil, cinnamon oil, betel oil, copaiba oil, and numerous other essential oils. As isolated from these oils the sesquiterpene has the following characters —... 

Cleary, K. and McFeeters R.F., Effects of oxygen and turmeric on the formation of oxidative aldehydes in fresh-pack dill pickles, J. Agric. Food Chem., 54, 3421, 2006. Lean, L.P. and Mohamed S., Antioxidative and antimycotic effects of turmeric, lemon-grass, betel leaves, clove, black pepper leaves and Garcinia atriviridis on butter cakes, J. Sci. Food Agric., 79, 1817, 1999. 

The areca nut is sometimes erroneously referred to as the betel nut (Trivedy et al. 1999). Betel refers to a combined preparation of the areca nut (Areca catechu) and lime (calcium hydroxide), rolled into the leaf of the betel pepper (Piper betle) (Morton 1998). 

The nut is often eaten wrapped in a leaf from the betel pepper tree (Piper be tie), together with a piece of limestone the presence of this bicarbonate-releasing stone increases the pH in... 

Areca nuts (betel nuts) are the seeds of Areca catechu (Palmae/Arecaceae), a tall palm cultivated in the Indian and Asian continents. These nuts are mixed with lime, wrapped in leaves of the betel pepper (Piper betle) and then chewed for their stimulant effect, and subsequent feeling of well-being and mild intoxication. The teeth and saliva of chewers stain bright red. The major stimulant alkaloid is arecoline (up to 0.2%) (Figure 6.36), the remainder of the alkaloid content (total about 0.45%) being composed of related reduced pyridine... 

Usage It is wrapped in the leaf of the betel pepper ( Piper chavica betel ) and sprinkled with burnt lime, catechu gum from the Malayan acacia tree ( Acacia catechu ) and nutmeg, cardamom or other species. This morsel is placed in the mouth and sucked on for several hours. 

Palmae) [seed], Piper betel (betel pepper)... 

In Southeast Asia, the betel nut, which in fact is the seed of the betel palm (Areca catechu), is commonly used for its mildly narcotic effect. The betel nut is chewed with a leaf of a local pepper plant and this in combination with a bit of lime makes the mouth and saliva red. With constant use, the teeth of betel addicts turn black. It has been estimated that a tenth of the world population chews betel nuts. 

Many of the world s population (more than 200 million people worldwide) chew betel nut quid, a combination of areca nut, betel pepper leaf (from Piper betle), hme paste, and tobacco leaf. The major alkaloid of the areca nut, arecoline, can produce chohnergic adverse effects (such as bronchoconstriction) (1) as well as antagonism of anticholinergic agents (2). The lime in the betel quid causes hydrolysis of arecohne to arecaidine, a central nervous system stimulant, which accounts, together with the essential oil of the betel pepper, for the euphoric effects of chewing betel quid. 

Of the several hundred species that comprise the genus Piper, about ten yield food or medicinal drugs useful to humans. They include pepper (P, nigrum L.), the commonly used spice betel (P. betle L.), indigenous to India and Southeast Asia and whose leaves are used with areca nut as masticatories the long peppers (P, officinarum C. DC. and P, longum L.), distributed throughout the Indian subcontinent and used as spices and, of course, P, methysticum. 

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