Chemokines cytokine regulation

Tran PB, Ren D, Veldhouse TJ, Miller RJ (2004) Chemokine receptors are expressed widely by embryonic and adult neural progenitor cells. J Neurosci Res 76 20-34 Tran PB, Banisadr G, Ren D, Chenn A, Miller RJ (2007) Chemokine receptor expression by neural progenitor cells in neurogenic regions of mouse brain. J Comp Neurol 500 1007-1033 U eyler N, Sommer C (2008) Cytokine regulation in animal models of neuropathic pain and in human diseases. Neurosci Lett 437 194-198... 

Chemokines—cytokines that regulate leukocyte movement... 

Owens T, Babcock AA, MiUward JM, Toft-Hansen H (2005) Cytokine and chemokine inter-regulation in the inflamed or injured CNS. Brain Res Rev 48 178-184. 

Table 1. Cytokine regulation of chemokine receptor expression on PMN... 

Another human cDNA array study was performed on LPS-stimulated PMN (4h) and revealed 134 genes that were upregulated [121, 122]. These included chemokines, cytokines, signaling molecules and transcriptional regulators. Proteomic analysis revealed upregulation of the proinflammatory molecules annexin 111, leukocyte elastase inhibitor, and the signaling molecules phosphostathmin, protein phosphatase 1 and p-catalytic subunit, as well as structural proteins such as protein tyrosine kinase 9-like, nonmuscle myosin heavy chain and moesin [121]. 

NK cells are important constituents of the primary natural immune system. NK cell function is modulated by the surface expression of MHC molecules. Unlike T cells, NK cells form a first line of defense and kill target cells without prior sensitization. In addition, stimulatory and inhibitory receptors signal and control NK cell function. Therefore, it is plausible that herpesviruses also address this aspect of natural immunity. The status of this emerging field of research is presented in two reviews. An even more recent addition to the field is the recognition of the importance of chemokines, cytokines and their receptors. As expected from a virus which has co-speciated with the host, herpesviruses use this information and divert it to their advantage. For a virus it makes no difference whether the cell itself responds to virus infection, e.g. by apoptosis or any other type of internal cellular antiviral regulation, or whether the reaction is systemic and involves several specialized cells. It is therefore not surprising that viruses have also found principles to avoid induced cell death. 

Keane NM, Price P, Lee S et al (2001) An evaluation of serum soluble CD30 levels and serum CD26 (DPPIV) enzyme activity as markers of type 2 and type 1 cytokines in HIV patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Exp Immunol 126 111-116 Khan MZ, Brandimarti R, Shimizu S et al (2008) The chemokine CXCL12 promotes survival of postmitotic neurons by regulating Rb protein. Cell Death Differ 15(10) 1663-1672... 

Johnson Z, Proudfoot AE, Handel TM (2005) Interaction of chemokines and glycosaminoglycans a new twist in the regulation of chemokine function with opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 16 625-636 Jones G, Power C (2006) Regulation of neural cell survival by HIV-1 infection. Neurobiol Dis 21 1-17... 

Wetzel MA, Steele AD, Eisenstein TK, Adler MW, Henderson EE, Rogers TJ (2000) Mu-opioid induction of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, RANTES, and IFN-gamma-inducible protein-10 expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Immunol 165 6519-6524 Widmer U, Manogue KR, Cerami A, Sherry B (1993) Genomic cloning and promoter analysis of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, MIP-1 alpha, and MIP-1 beta, members of the chemokine superfamily of proinflammatory cytokines. J Immunol 150 4996-5012 Ye RD (2001) Regulation of nuclear factor kappaB activation by G-protein-coupled receptors. [Review] [136 refs]. J Leukoc Biol 70 839-848... 

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