Neural cells

Furthermore, PKCe is required for nerve growth factor-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and neurite outgrowth by ethanol. It is also required for ethanol-induced increases in N-type voltage-gated calcium channels in PC 12 neural cells. 

NGF family-NGF, BDNF, NT-3, and NT-4 TRK - TRK-A, B, C Promotes neu rite outgrowth and neural cell survival... 

Semino CE, Kasahara J, Hayashi Y et al (2004) Entrapment of migrating hippocampal neural cells in three-dimensional peptide nanofiber scaffold. Tissue Eng 10 643-655... 

While the sequence of the human genome is known, the picture provided by genomics alone is both static and incomplete. Proteomics aims to identify the entire complement of proteins elaborated by a cell under diverse conditions. As genes are switched on and off, proteins are synthesized in particular cell types at specific times of growth or differentiation and in response to external stimuli. Muscle cells express proteins not expressed by neural cells, and the type of subunits present... 

The transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, or prion diseases, are fatal neurodegenerative diseases characterized by spongiform changes, astrocytic gliomas, and neuronal loss resulting from the deposition of insoluble protein aggregates in neural cells. They include Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, scrapie in... 

Neural cells convert tyrosine to epinephrine and norepinephrine (Figure 31—5). While dopa is also an intermediate in the formation of melanin, different enzymes hydroxylate tyrosine in melanocytes. Dopa decarboxylase, a pyridoxai phosphate-dependent enzyme, forms dopamine. Subsequent hydroxylation by dopamine P-oxidase then forms norepinephrine. In the adrenal medulla, phenylethanolamine-A -methyltransferase uti-hzes S-adenosyhnethionine to methylate the primary amine of norepinephrine, forming epinephrine (Figure 31-5). Tyrosine is also a precursor of triiodothyronine and thyroxine (Chapter 42). 

Tardieu M, Hery C, Peudenier S, Boespflug O, Montagnier L (1992) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected monocytic cells can destroy human neural cells after cell-to-cell adhesion. Ann Neurol 32(1) 11-17... 

Jones G, Power C (2006) Regulation of neural cell survival by HIV-1 infection. Neurobiol Dis 21 1-17... 

Johnson Z, Proudfoot AE, Handel TM (2005) Interaction of chemokines and glycosaminoglycans a new twist in the regulation of chemokine function with opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 16 625-636 Jones G, Power C (2006) Regulation of neural cell survival by HIV-1 infection. Neurobiol Dis 21 1-17... 

Jung H, Toth PT, White PA, Miller RJ (2008) Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 functions as a neuromodulator in dorsal root ganglia neurons. J Neurochem 104 254-263 Kahn L, Alonso G, Normand E, Manzoni OJ (2005) Repeated morphine treatment alters polysia-lylated neural cell adhesion molecule, glutamate decarboxylase-67 expression and ceU proliferation in the adult rat hippocampus. Em J Nemosci 21 493-500 Kaul M, Ma Q, Medders KE, Desai MK, Lipton SA (2007) HIV-1 coreceptors CCR5 and CXCR4 both mediate neuronal cell death but CCR5 paradoxically can also contribute to protection. Cell Death Differ (2) 296-305... 

NAP-I, NAP-2 Neutrophilactivating peptides -1 and -2 NBT Nitro-blue tetrazolium NCI Non-collagen 1 N-CAM Neural cell adhesion molecule... 

Fig. 4.6(a) Migration of LHRH neurocrine cells prenatal transportation along the track of extra-bulbar VN axons (caudal branch). CB, cribriform plate FB, forebrain cell types, TAG-1, transient axonal surface glycoprotein and N-CAM, neural cell adhesion molecule (from Yoshida et al, 1995). 

Schwanzel-Fukuda M., Reinhard G.R., Abraham S., Crossin K.L., et al. (1994). Antibody to neural cell adhesion molecule can disrupt the migration of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons into the mouse brain. J Comp Neurol 342, 174-185. 

Yoshihara Y Kawasaki M., Tamada A., Fujita H., et al. (1997). OCAM a new member of the neural cell adhesion molecule family related to zone-to-zone projection of olfactory and vomeronasal axons. J Neurosci 17, 5830-5842. 

Jones, F. S., Prediger, E. A., Bittner, D. A., DeRobertis, E. M., and Edelman, G. M. (1992b). Cell adhesion molecules as targets for Hox genes neural cell adhesion molecule promoter activity is modulated by cotransfection with Hox-2.5 and -2.4. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89 2086-2090. 

Regan CM. 1993. Neural cell adhesion molecules, neuronal development and lead toxicity. Neurotoxicology 14 69-74. 

Many transmembrane proteins that mediate intracellular signaling form complexes with both intra- and extracellular proteins. For example, neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAMs) are cell-surface glycoproteins (Ch. 7). The extracellular domains of NCAMs can activate fibroblast growth factor receptors when clustered by reaction with NCAM antibodies [4] or by homotypic binding to domains of adjacent cells (see Fig. 7-2). Activation was found to sequester a complex of NCAM, (31 spectrin and PKC(32 into rafts, as defined by the operational criteria discussed on p. 28. 

Leshchynska, I., Sytnyk, V., Morrow, J. S. and Schachner, M. Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) association with PKCP2 via pi spectrin is implicated in NCAM-mediated neurite outgrowth. /. Cell Biol. 161 625-639, 2003. 

FIGURE 7-1 The immunoglobulin (Ig) gene family of molecules. Several varieties of Ig domain-containing molecules are contained within the Ig gene superfamily. Most are type I membrane proteins some have only Ig domains or other moieties that may convey function (see text). V, variable Ig domain C, constant Ig domain MAG, myelin-associated glycoprotein NCAM, neural cell adhesion molecule GPI, glycosylphosphatidyl-inositol EC, extracellular domain FN, fibronectin. 

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