Chemistry and medicine

It is closely similar to AMP, but involves a second bond between the phosphate group and the sugar, forming a ring. It is formed from ATP by catalytic action of a specific enzyme, adenylate cyclase. In 1965 Sutherland was able to show that this enzyme is neither inside the cell nor outside it, but is in the cell membrane. It is normally inactive, but becomes active on combination with a molecule of the hormone epinephrine. It then converts ATP to cyclic AMP, which is released inside the cell, stimulating it in various ways. Thus the hormone itself, epinephrine, never enters the cell. Later the cyclic AMP is destroyed by enzymatic conversion to AMP. 

Cyclic AMP has been shown to be involved, presumably as a second messenger, in more than forty cellular processes, in addition to the release of glucose. Among its effects are the increased contractility of heart muscle, increased secretion of hydrochloric acid by the gastric mucosa, decreased aggregation of blood platelets, and increased or decreased formation of several enzymes. Further study of cyclic AMP and perhaps of other second messengers should provide much more information about how the cells of an organism collaborate with one another. 

From the earliest times chemicals have been used in the treatment of disease. The substances that were first used as drugs are natural products such as in the leaves, branches, and roots of plants. Man (perhaps more often women than men) slowly learned by trial and error that the ingestion of certain plants had certain effects. It was discovered, for example, that ingestion of certain plants of the family Solanaceae causes mydriasis, the dilation of the pupil of the eye. One of these plants is named//opr/ belladonna. Belladonna means beautiful woman and it was, and perhaps still is, thought that women with large pupils are more beautiful than those with small pupils. 

Beginning in the nineteenth century, chemists and physicians began extracting and isolating the active principles of these plants. In 1881 the alkaloid hyoscyamine (atropine, belladonna) was isolated from the plants mentioned above. It is now used in medicine. 

Inorganic substances are also used in medicine. As the alchemists discovered or made new chemical substances, these substances were tried out to see if they had physiological activity, and many of them were introduced into early medical practice. For example, both mercuric chloride, HgCl2, and mercurous chloride, Hg2Cl2. were used in medicine, mercuric chloride as an antiseptic, and mercurous chloride, taken internally, as a cathartic and general medicament. 

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Active electrochemical techniques are not confined to pulse and linear sweep waveforms, which are considered large ampHtude methods. A-C voltammetry, considered a small ampHtude method because an alternating voltage <10 mV is appHed to actively couple through the double-layer capacitance, can also be used (15). An excellent source of additional information concerning active electroanalytical techniques can be found in References 16—18. Reference 18, although directed toward clinical chemistry and medicine, also contains an excellent review of electroanalytical techniques (see also... 

Olson EC, Christoffersen RE, editors. Computer-assisted drug design. Based on a symposium sponsored by the Divisions of Computers in Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry at the ACS/CSJ Chemical Congress, Honolulu, Hawaii, April 2-6, 1979. ACS Symposium Series 112. Washington, DC American Chemical Society, 1979. 

Laboratory for Carbohydrate Research, Departments of Biological Chemistry and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114... 

In the last few years, optimization techniques have become more widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. Some of these have appeared in the literature, but a far greater number remain as in-house information, using the same techniques indicated in this chapter, but with modifications and computer programs specific to the particular company. An excellent review of the application of optimization techniques in the pharmaceutical sciences was published in 1981 [20]. This covers not only formulation and processing, but also analysis, clinical chemistry, and medicinal chemistry. 

Thompson, Charles John Samuel. Alchemy source of chemistry and medicine. 1897 reprint, New York Sentry P, 1974. xv, 335p. 

It should be noted that the term sensitivity sometimes may alternatively be used, namely in analytical chemistry and other disciplines. Frequently the term sensitivity is associated with detection limit or detection capability. This and other misuses are not recommended by IUPAC (Orange Book [1997, 2000]). In clinical chemistry and medicine another matter is denoted by sensitivity , namely the ability of a method to detect truly positive samples as positive (O Rangers and Condon [2000], cited according to Trullols et al. [2004]). However, this seems to be more a problem of trueness than of sensitivity. 

Professor Meyer was born at Dorpat, Estonia, on September 29, 1883, the elder son of Hans Horst Meyer—who held the chair of experimental pharmacology at the University of Vienna and formulated the modern theory of narcosis known as the Overton-Meyer theory. Two years later, his father became professor at Marburg/Lahn, and it was in this city that Kurt H. Meyer had his early education. The scholarly atmosphere in which he matured, where chemistry and medicine were always very much in the foreground, was to influence him throughout his lifetime. From his father, he inherited his desire for scientific study and research, and from his mother, his taste for the fine arts. His younger brother became a famous heart-surgeon. 

The Retinoids Biology, Chemistry and Medicine, Raven Press,... 

The ability to design at will highly efficient catalytic antibodies for any given reaction opens a promising future for this new technology both in chemistry and medicine. 

During the decade of 1920-1929, no Americans were honored in chemistry, physiology, or medicine, but the Nobel prize in physics went to Robert Milliken in 1923 and to Arthur Compton (with the Englishman Charles Wilson) in 1927. Thereafter, U.S. scientists would receive about one of every three Nobel prizes in physiology, chemistry and medicine combined. The vitality of U.S. science was also found in the production of Ph.D. s in chemistry from 1921 to 1930. During this... 

The purpose of this review is to discuss recent developments related to the chemistry and medicinal properties of natural flavonoids. This review covers more recent reports (2005 to the present date) of antimicrobial activity of flavonoids (antibacterial and antifungal), as well as the antiviral activity of these compounds. 

HongWK, ItriLM (1994) Retinoids and Human Cancer. In Sporn MB, Roberts AB, Goodman DS (eds). The Retinolds Blology, Chemistry, and Medicine, 2nd ed Raven Press, New York, p 597... 

The production of penicillin was an extremely important milestone in the development of microbiology, chemistry, and medicine, signifying the creation of the powerful antibiotic industry and formation of modem biotechnology. 

Alchemy This ancient science synthesized Hermetic mysticism with chemical experimentation. Its main objective was the creation of the magical transformative substance called the Philosopher s Stone. Alchemy is the precursor of modern physics, chemistry, and medicine. 

Jons Jacob Berzelius, 1779-1848. Professor of chemistry and medicine at the Stockholm Medical School. He determined the atomic weights of most of the elements then known, discovered selenium and the earth ceria, and isolated silicon, thorium, and zirconium. Among his students may be mentioned Wohler, Heinrich and Gustav Rose, Mosander, Sefstrom, and... 

In speaking of the loss to both chemistry and medicine by too narrow specialization in either science, Herman Boerhaave once wrote, What praise then is not merited by Jean Bohn and Frederic Hoffmann, who excel in both and who thereby acquired such a great reputation (45). 

Leopold Gmelin, 1788-1853. Professor of chemistry and medicine at Heidelberg. First author of the Handbuch der anorgamschen Chemie. Discoverer of potassium ferricyamde Son of Johann Friedrich Gmelin, the author of the Geschichte der Chemie. Leopold s nephew, Christian Gottlob Gmelin, was tlie first to observe the red color imparted to a flame by lithium salts. 

In the following chapters, we will study the experimental and clinical dimensions due to the gathering of a modem knowledge mixing chemistry and medicine. 

The distilled waters of Brunschwygk s descriptions have left little trace in pharmacology, but the attempt to utilize chemical methods in the preparation of remedies which his work illustrates was not without influence in helping to pave the way for the more intimate connection of chemistry and medicine brought about by Paracelsus and his followers in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.28... 

Glauber practised chemistry and medicine in many cities of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland,—Salzburg, Vienna, Basel, Frankfort, and Cologne. In 1648, he removed to Amsterdam, where he spent the remainder of his life, dying in 1670.18 In Amsterdam, his first book—on the furnace— had been printed for the first time in 1651. 

LIPMANN, FRITZ (1899-1986). A German-born biochemist who won the Mobd Prize in 1953 fur the discovery of coeo/yme A (CoA). He earned doctorates ai the L niversit) ol Berlin in hmh chemistry and medicine. He worked at Come)) and Harvard Universities. He founded ihe biochemistry department of Brundeis Unix ersil> and later joined the faculty of Rockleller University. 

Ind Eng Cbem Ind J Chem Ind J Chem B Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Indian Journal of Chemistry Indian Journal of Chemistry. Section B Organic Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry... 

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