Rose, Gustav

Erbium - the atomic number is 68 and the chemical symbol is Er. The name derives from the Swedish town of Ytterby (about 3 miles from Stockholm), where the ore gadolinite (in which it was found) was first mined. It was discovered by the Swedish surgeon and chemist Carl-Gustav Mosander in 1843 in an yttrium sample. He separated the yttriiom into yttrium, a rose colored salt... 

Terbium - the atomic number is 65 and the chemical symbol is Tb. The name derives from the village of Ytterby in Sweden, where the mineral ytterbite (the source of terbium) was first found. It was discovered by the Swedish surgeon and chemist Carl-Gustav Mosander in 1843 in an yttrium salt, which he resolved into three elements. He called one yttrium, a rose colored salt he called terbium and a deep yellow peroxide he called erbium. The chemist Berlin detected only two earths in yttrium, i.e., yttrium and the rose colored oxide he called erbium. In 1862, the Swiss chemist Marc Delafontaine reexamined yttrium and found the yellow peroxide. Since the name erbium had now been assigned to the rose colored oxide, he initially called the element mosandrum (after Mosander) but he later reintroduced the name terbium for the yellow peroxide. Thus the original names given to erbium and terbium samples are now switched. Since Bunsen spectroscopically examined Mosander s erbium (now terbium) sample and declared that it was a mixture, the question of who actually discovered terbium, Mosander or Delafontaine remains unresolved to this day. 

The element was discovered in 1843 by Carl Gustav Mosander. He determined that the oxide, known as yttria, was actually a mixture of at least three rare earths which he named as yttria—a colorless oxide, erbia— a yellow oxide, and terbia— a rose-colored earth. Mosander separated these three oxides by fractional precipitation with ammonium hydroxide. Pure terbia was prepared by Urbain in 1905. The element was named terbium for its oxide, terbia, which was named after the Swedish town, Ytterby. 

German chemist and apothecary who was educated by Klaproth, collaborated with him in his researches, and verified all his analyses before publication. Rose demonstrated the presence of chromium in a species of serpentine. He was the father of Heinrich Rose, the chemist, and Gustav Rose, the mineralogist. His father, Valentin Rose the Elder, was the discoverer of the low-melting alloy, Rose s metal. 

Jons Jacob Berzelius, 1779-1848. Professor of chemistry and medicine at the Stockholm Medical School. He determined the atomic weights of most of the elements then known, discovered selenium and the earth ceria, and isolated silicon, thorium, and zirconium. Among his students may be mentioned Wohler, Heinrich and Gustav Rose, Mosander, Sefstrom, and... 

Dr. Ernst Wittich, German Ambassador to Mexico, pointed out that Baron von Humboldt was also led into the same error, for the specimen in the Museum fur Naturkunde in Berlin is labeled in the Baron s handwriting Brown lead ore from the veins of Zimapin in northern Mexico. Lead chromate. M. del Rio thought he had discovered a new metal in it, which he named erythronium, then panchromium later he realized that it was ordinary chromium. The label was later corrected by Gustav Rose to read Vanadiumbleierz (vanadium lead ore) (29). 

When Alexander von Humboldt, Gustav Rose, and Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg made a scientific expedition to Russia in 1829 the Russian Minister of Finance E. F. Kankrin made arrangements for their comfort and security. Humboldt made important observations on the gold- and platinum-bearing alluvial deposits of the Urals (92). Professor B. N. Menschutkin published in the Journal of Chemical Education an excellent historical sketch of the Russian platinum (36). 

Exactly 150 years ago (1819), Eilhard Mitcherlich discovered isomorphism, and at about the same time, Jakob Berzelius (1824) was the first to propose a chemical system of minerals. In the following years this system was extended by Gustav Rose, Dana, Groth and Hintze. 

The chemical-structural mineral classification system developed since the first edition of Mineralogische Tabellen (1941) evolved from the chemical miiieral system of Hatiy (1801), which was based on cations, and of Berzelius (1814,1824), based on anions, followed by the chemical-morphological system of Gustav Rose (1838,1852), the periodic system of the chemical elements (c Introduction), and finally by the developing knowledge of atomic crystal structures (since Laue, 1912, Bragg, 1913). 

With this background, together with the knowledge about the seven crystal systems (Christian Samuel Weiss, 1815), the recognition of isomorphy and polymorphy (Mit-scherlich, 1819,1824), and the triad rule of chemical elements (Dbbereiner, 1829), Gustav Rose (1798-1873) developed a chemical-morphological mineral system (Berlin, 1838, 1852), which looks quite modern, even today ... 

Perovskite is a mineral of formula CaTiOj. It was discovered in 1839 by the Prussian mineralogist Gustav Rose in mineral deposits in the Ural Mountains and named after the Russian mineralogist Count Lev Aleksevich von Petrovski. Natural crystals have a hardness of 5.5-6 and a density of 4000-4300kgm . They are usually dark brown to black, due to impurities, but when pure are clear with a refractive index of approximately 2.38. The crystal structure of this compound, initially thought to be cubic, was later shown to be orthorhombic (Table 1.1). 

Due to its good solubility in water, )5-phenylethanol is the main component of rose water. The alcohol has a slight, but very characteristic, scent of roses. Because of its adaptability, )5-phenylethanol is found in more than 80 % of all perfumes. The technical synthesis goes back to Louis Bouveault (1864-1909) and his student Gustave Blanc (1872-1927), who discovered in 1903 that esters can be reduced to the corresponding alcohols by sodium in ethanol. [26]... 

Gustav Rose, mineralogist, was born in Berlin in 1798. His father was a pharmacist, his brother Heinrich became a famous chemist, and a professor of the Berlin university. Gustav Rose studied in Berlin and in Kiel and subsequently worked in Berzelius s laboratory in Stockholm. After returning to his native town he became lecturer at the university and, in 1839, professor of mineralogy and remained in this post till his death in 1879 in Berlin. His famous book is entitled Elemente der Krystallographie (1833). 

Heinrich Rose (Berlin 6 August 1795-27 January 1864), a son of Valentin Rose junr. (see Vol. Ill, p. 659), was first a pharmacist in Danzig, then in 1815 (with his brother Gustav) went to Paris with the Prussian army and became acquainted with Berthollet, Biot, Vauquelin, and Gay-Lussac. He returned to Berlin in 1816, but soon took up a pharmaceutical post in Mitau, where he was acquainted with Grotthuss. In 1819 he went to work with Berzelius in Stockholm on titanium he obtained a doctorate in Kiel in 1821 with a dissertation on its compounds with oxygen and sulphur. In 1822 he became Privat-docent in Berlin, where he had a small laboratory in 1823 he became associate professor and in 1835 professor of chemistry. (Mitscherlich was also professor in Berlin, and their relations were not satisfactory.) ... 

Among a large number of minerals analysed by H. Rose (often in connexion with mineralogical investigations of his brother Gustav, but published independently) were micas," zeolites, spinels, aluminates, selenium minerals from the Harz,ii mercury selenide from Mexico, arsenides, antimonides, and... 

The perovskite structure is any material with the same type of crystal structure as CaTiOs. It was discovered in the Ural mountain of Russia by Gustav Rose in 1839 and is named after the Russian mineralogist, L. A. Perovski (1792-1856). 

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