Nonhydrocarbon chemicals

For nonpolar, nonhydrocarbon chemicals not found in Jasper, use can be made of the corresponding states approach of Brock and Bird as modified by Miller at temperature T (K) ... 

A West Coast crude demonstrated a much higher oil recovery than two Louisiana crudes. The chemical differences were higher aromatics and nonhydrocarbons (organic compounds containing elements other than hydrogen and carbon), and less saturated hydrocarbons. 

Petroleums also contain compounds in which sulfur, oxygen, and/or nitrogen atoms are combined with carbon and hydrogen. These elements usually are combined with the complex ring structures that make up the larger molecules of petroleums. These larger nonhydrocarbon compounds form a class of chemicals generally called resins and asphal-tanes. The quantity of these compounds in petroleum is often very small however, as much as 50% of the total molecules in some heavy crude oils are resins and asphaltines. 

Effect of Petroleum Fuel Properties. Three primary requirements must be met by practical fuels for aircraft turbojets. These requirements are They must be available in large quantities at low cost, they must produce satisfactory performance in all types of engines, and they must be suitable for aircraft fuel systems. Petroleum fuels vary in volatility, chemical composition, and concentrations of minor nonhydrocarbon compo-... 

Nonhydrocarbon and Oxygenated Solvents. Most industrial solvents that are not hydrocarbons are pure chemical compounds. As such, they have sharp boiling points and weU-defined properties. Specifications for these solvents focus mostiy on impurities such as water and other contaminants. This also means that a solvent from one manufacturer should perform the same as the same solvent from another manufacturer any differences are probably the result of impurities, stabilizer content, etc, rather than the properties of the overall solvent. 

TJeavy oil derived from coal hydrogenation consists of many compli- cated hydrocarbon and nonhydrocarbon compounds. Consequently, the elucidation of the chemical structure is extremely difficult and time-... 

Scope of the Problem. Petroleum hydrocarbons are the principal components in a wide variety of commercial products (e.g., gasoline, fuel oils, lubricating oils, solvents, mineral spirits, mineral oils, and crude oil). Because of widespread use, disposal, and spills, environmental contamination is relatively common. It is important to understand that petroleum products are complex mixtures, typically containing hundreds of compounds. These include various amounts of aliphatic compounds (straight-chain, branched-chain, and cyclic alkanes and alkenes) and aromatic compounds (benzene and alkyl benzenes, naphthalenes, and PAHs). In addition, many petroleum products contain nonhydrocarbon additives such as alcohols, ethers, metals, and other chemicals that may affect the toxicity of the mixture. 

Natural Gas. Natural gas is the simplest source of hydrocarbon raw materials for chemicals since it consists of a small number of compounds which are easily separated. Nonhydrocarbon constituents include water vapor (up to 2.5% by volume, the saturation value), carbon dioxide (up to 95% from some wells in Mexico, New Mexico, and Colorado), inert gases (nitrogen and helium), and sulfur compounds (largely hydrogen sulfide). The hydrocarbon constituents of natural gas contain up to 8 carbon atoms. Wet natural gas contains larger proportions of the heavier hydrocarbons in this range. 

Symposium on Nonhydrocarbon Constituents of Petroleum), 121st Meeting, American Chemical Society, Milwaukee, Wis., p. 97. The Identification of Cyclohexanethiol in Virgin Naphthas. 

JP-8 is a complex mixture containing more than 200 aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon compounds with nine to 17 (or perhaps more) carbon atoms, including thousands of isomeric forms that distill at 170-325°C, and three to six nonhydrocarbon performance additives (Henz 1998 DOD 1992). The precise composition of JP-8 varies from batch to batch. Some of the physical and chemical properties of JP-8 are summarized in Table 1 -1, and the additives in JP-8 are summarized in Table 1-2. 

Some of the earliest chemical studies of nonhydrocarbons, which resulted in the isolation of numerous strong acids and bases, were conducted at the University of Texas under the leadership of Lochte and Littman (I). This work used the classical extraction of petroleum with mineral acids and caustic followed by chemical identification (boiling point, refractive index, derivatives, etc.). Since only strong Bronsted acids and bases can be isolated by aqueous solvents, their identifications were limited to low-molecular-weight species aqueous solvents also do not isolate weak acids or bases (low pK values). 

The work of Seiffert in recent years was specifically oriented toward the role that oxygen compounds play in affecting the surface activity of petroleum (7,8). His studies were innovative in using classical chemical reactions on a microscale, and they illustrated the immense complexity of one particular class of compounds, carboxylic acids. These studies provided the first firm evidence for the steroid ring system in nonhydrocarbons, which is quite valuable to the geochemist. 

So far we have been considering the chemical ionization behavior only of various types of hydrocarbons, but now we consider nonhydrocarbons, starting with esters of carboxylic acids. As a typical example, the spectrum of n-heptyl propionate is given in Table IX. For a molecule as polar as a carboxylate ester the concept of a random attack by the reactant ions must be abandoned, and the attack will doubtless occur at the carb-alkoxy group in the molecule. 

Nonhydrocarbon Chemicals Greenhouse Gas Emissions Noise and Vibration Human Factors Engineering Health Analysis... 

The most common toxic nonhydrocarbon chemical found in the oil and gas industry is hydrogen sulfide (H2S). This gas can cause fatalities in low concentrations. Its strong smell serves as a warning of its presence, but high concentrations of the gas can deaden the sense of smell. 

Reservoir fluids contain a variety of substances of diverse chemical nature that include hydrocarbons and nonhydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons range from methane to substances that may contain 100 carbon atoms, even when these substances are in the form of singly dispersed molecules (i.e., monomers). Nonhydrocarbons include substances such as N2, CO2, H2S, S, H2O, He, and even traces of Hg. The chemistry of hydro-carbon-reservoir fluids is very complex. Methane, often a predominant component of natural gases and petroleum-reservoir fluids, is a gas, nCg and hydrocarbons as heavy as may be in the liquid state, and normal paraffins heavier than may be in the solid state at room temperatures. However, the mixture of these hydrocarbons may be in a gaseous or liquid state at the pressures and temperatures often encountered in hydrocarbon reservoirs. The mixture may also be a solid as will be seen in Chapter 5. The majority of reservoirs fall within the temperature range of 80 to 350 F, and the pressure range of 50 to 20,000 psia. When steam is injected into hydrocarbon reservoirs, the temperature may exceed 550 F and for in-situ combustion, the temperature may be even higher. 

The petroleum industry, which is responsible for producing most of the energy used in modern society, has produced, as a byproduct over the past AO years, a broad base of thermodynamic data for the hydrocarbons it processes. Even though the petroleum Industry is mature, the data development and correlation effort has not slacked off, and indeed has accelerated in the last two decades. A similar, but more proprietary, effort has been carried on by the chemical industry for nonhydrocarbons. In view of these long-lived programs, the question arises,—does the new synthetic fuels industry, which promises to become important in the last quarter of the century, need specific data programs or are the present data systems adequate for its needs This paper looks at that question and attempts to outline areas where work is needed. 

FIGURE 10.1 Observed K values for a series of aliphatic hydrocarbons at 150°R The data are from a variety of sources and represent a variety of compositions. The solid lines are empirical curve fits for the individual species. The dotted lines are calculated by Raoult s law. (Reprinted with permission from Yarborough, L. Vapor-liquid equilibrium data for multicomponent mixtures containing hydrocarbon and nonhydrocarbon components. J. Chem. Eng. Data 17 129-133. Copyright (1972) American Chemical Society.)... 

---